Biological control using the plant growth-promoting Rhizobacterium (PGPR) has received significant attention in recent years. PGPR has been linked with promoting growth in economically important crops, such as potatoes, tomatoes, and rice. Bacillus mojavensis KJS-3 (Moja-3), isolated from food waste, possesses antifungal properties against Aspergillus terreus, A. fumagatus, A. flavus , and Fusarium redolense , and it may have potential in the development of products for industrial applications. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of spraying the PGPR Bacillus mojavensis KJS-3 on the growth of altari radish (leaf number, leaf length, leaf weight, root length, and rhizome length, adjacent portion diameter, and weight) and lettuce (leaf number, length, width, and weight). Three different concentrations of the foliar spray treatment of B. mojavensis KJS-3 were applied to the altari radish and lettuce: the recommended standard concentration of 1×10 ⁹ cfu/g, half the standard concentration of 0.5×10 ⁹ cfu/g, and double the standard concentration of 2×10 ⁹ cfu/g). The B. mojavensis strain foliar spray treatment increased the growth of the leaves and roots of the altari radish and increased the growth of the lettuce leaves. For both plants, the recommended concentration of B. mojavensis KJS-3 produced better growth than half the standard concentration, and the growth was similar with the double dose. This study demonstrates positive effects of Moja-3, suggesting it may be a potential new bio-fertilizer for improving the growth of altari radish and lettuce. In modern agriculture field, increase in use of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers has resulted in deterioration of soil fertility and manifestation of pesticide-resistant mutants of insects and plant pathogens, ultimately causing harm to human body. To overcome these problems, biological control using PGPR has gained increased attention and much research works have been carried out in recent years. PGPR is a specific group of (bacterial and fungal) microorganisms that can be found located inside wide varieties of plant tissue types: fruit [30] , seeds and ovules [23] , stems [22] , roots [13 , 16] and tubers [15 , 33] . Most of these PGPRs are members of common soil bacterial genera such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Burkholderia [21] . The PGPR has been found promoting growth in several essential crops such as wheat, soybean, lettuce, bean, maize, barley [19] , potatoes [6 , 12 , 24 , 33] , tomato [20 , 28] , and tomato and cucumber [9] . Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg), the oldest gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, has proven to be safe as a non-pathogenic species and have been used enormously in various human food preparations for many years. The bacterium isolated from several botanical environments, mainly from the soil, has displayed properties similar to that of antibiotics with biological control potential. A strain of B. subtilis (RRC101) initially identified as Enterobacter cloacae and recently reported as a corn endophytic [14] is intercellular, nonpathogenic and growth enhancer, protecting the plants against fungi. Also, the report suggests that this strain can colonize plants from the seed application. This strain has been patented (Patent No. 5,994,117; ATCC 55732) as a biological control for treating the fungal infections in maize [4] . Subsequently, this isolate was found closely related B. subtilis like phenotype that was recently described as Bacillus mojavensis [27] . The mojavensis strain is a relatively new member of the genus Bacillus , and is known to be a PGPR of plants that can be distinguished from its closest relative Bacillus subtilis , with divergence only in their DNA sequences and fatty acid compositions [27] . The study of B. mojavensis appears to be profoundly valuable due to its effect on plant diseases and mycotoxins, possessing antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi in plants. Antifungal agent as a cyclic lipopeptide produced in Bacillus mojavensis was recently identified by Dr. Bacon [31] . Bacillus mojavensis presents additional qualities of being competitive with some fungi, mostly those that are also PGPR by the production of isomers of the surfactins, a biosurfactant that is described as being the most potent familiar of lipopeptide group. The surfactins are very active, readily degradable thus becoming more attractive for use in biocontrol [3] . On the other hand, Bacillus mojavensis KJS-3 ( B. mojavensis KJS-3) was identified by Prof. Jae Seon Kang from the food wastes, and its antimicrobial activity was examined against some harmful fungi such as Aspergillus terreus, A. fumagatus, A. flavus and Fusarium redolense , adopting the spot-on-lawn method [17] . This strain has been patented as a biological control for diseases in human caused by fungi, MRSAs, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci [18] . The aim of this study was to determine the biological control for the growth of altari radish and lettuce, by using PGPR Bacillus mojavensis KJS-3. Bacterial strains, culture condition, media The bacterial strain, B. mojavensis KJS-3 KCCM10961P was produced in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB, Bacto) media and propagations generated in TSB on a rotating shaker (200 rpm/min) at 42℃. The formation of spores of B. mojavensis KJS-3 was done in medium containing corn starch 15 g/l, yeast extract 5 g/l, K ₂ HPO ₄ 2.5 g/l, KH ₂ PO ₄ 2.5 g/l, KCl 0.5 g/l, NaCl 0.3 g/l, MgSO ₄ ·7H ₂ O 0.5 g/l, MnSO ₄ ·H ₂ O 0.03 g/l and CaCl ₂ ·2H ₂ O 0.2 g/l. Then, all the spores were cultivated under experimental conditions for 5-6 days at 42℃. All of the media utilized in this study were autoclaved at 121℃ for 15 minutes. The cultivation of altari radish and lettuce were done in the farm of Dong-A University, Gimhea, South Korea and the effect of B. mojavensis KJS-3 was studied by comparing the growth of altari radish and lettuce. Foliar spray treatment 100 g, 50 g and 200 g of B. mojavensis KJS-3 each were suspended separately in 20 liter water to prepare the three samples in the concentration of 1×10 ⁹ CFU/g, 0.5×10 ⁹ CFU/g and 2×10 ⁹ CFU/g respectively. The standard concentration sample of 1×10 ⁹ CFU/ g bacterial suspension was sprayed on day 7 for three times, when 3-4 leaves of altari radish were developed. Treatment area As shown in Table 1 , twelve different plots (with total area of 60 m ² ) were allocated for altari radish as well as lettuce, separately. These plots were randomly treated with three different samples of Moja-3, for three times. Area layout for Moja-3 test in altari radish and lettuce To evaluate Moja-3 effects, 12 testing areas were divided to control, half dose, standard dose and double dose treatment. The areas are shown in Fig. 1 . Cultivation methods For the cultivation of altari radish and lettuce, their seed were taken from Heungnong province and their specifications have been shown in Table 2 . Planting, cultivation and harvesting of altari radish We cultivated altari radish following to the timeline shown in Table 3.1 . Planting, cultivation, and harvesting of lettuce Timeline for the lettuce cultivation is shown in Table 3.2 . Effect of Moja-3 foliar treatment on the characteristics of altari radish leaves The results of Moja-3 foliar treatment (up to three weeks, once each week) on leaves of altari radish have been summarized in Table 4.1a below. After harvesting, the growth characteristics of three different groups of altari radish treated with half, standard and double concentration of Moja-3 were tested by comparing the number, length and weight of the leaves with untreated control group. The number of leaves of control group was 15.21, and those treated with half dose, standard dose and double dose were 16.84, 18.22 and 18.21 respectively. While, the length of leaves of control group was 57.17 cm, those treated with half dose, standard dose and double dose of Moja-3 foliar spray were 61.28 cm, 63.78 cm and 63.74 cm respectively. The weight of leaves of control group was 191.14 g and those treated with half dose, standard dose and double dose were 202.14 g, 225.28 g and 222.04 g. These results suggest that, compared to untreated control group, the Moja-3 foliar spray group showed an increase in growth of altari radish leaves. As there were no significant differences in the growth characteristics (number, length and weight) of altari radish leaves when treated with the recommended standard and double concentration of Moja-3, the standard dose of foliar spray treatment was the preferred one over half dose test sample. Effect of Moja-3 foliar treatment on the characteristics of altari radish roots After harvesting the altari radish, roots of altari radish were compared between the untreated control group and 3 different foliar spray Moja 3 treatment groups. Length of the root of control group was found to be 13.35 cm whereas the length of altari radish treated with half concentration, standard concentration and double concentration of Moja-3 foliar spray group were 14.27 cm, 14.51 cm and 14.48 cm respectively. Rhizomes of the control group was 6.54 cm and the altari radish treated with half dose, standard dose and double dose of Moja-3 foliar spray group were 7.61 cm, 7.75 cm and 7.70 cm respectively. Similarly, the diameter of adjacent portion of control group of altari radish was compared with Moja 3 treated group and found higher (4.85 cm) in case of standard dose of Moja-3 treated group. Weight of the root of control group altari radish was 201.21 g, while those of half dose, standard dose and double dose were 226.85 g, 235.08 g and 233.18 g. The growth in weight of the altari radish roots due to standard dose was more acceptable; it was higher than the growth in weight of the roots due to half dose (226.85 g) and even similar to double dose (233.18 g). In the present work, the use of 1×10 ⁹ CFU/g concentration of Moja-3 treatment group showed the higher impact on the growth of root of altari radish. Bacillus mojavensis KJS-3 foliar spray treatment for the growth of altari radish Result of Moja-3 foliar spray in the altari radish, for three weeks once each week, did not showed any inhibitory effect on the growth of altari radish, and the results observed have been shown in Fig. 2 below. Effects of Moja-3 foliar treatment on the characteristics of the lettuce leaves Result of Moja-3 foliar treatment on the lettuce leaves have been summarized in Table 4.2 below. After harvesting three different groups of lettuce treated with half, standard and double doses of Moja-3, growth characteristics were examined by comparing the quantity, length and weight of the leaves with the control group. The number of leaves of control group was 20.15, while those treated with half dose, standard dose and double dose were 22.14, 23.84 and 23.71 respectively. The length of control group leaves was 22.17 cm, while the length of the leaves treated with half dose, standard dose and double dose were 24.18 cm, 26.29 cm and 26.07 cm respectively. The width of the control group leaves was 13.51 cm while those treated with Moja-3 foliar spray half dose, standard dose and double dose were 15.02 cm, 16.14 cm and 16.08 cm respectively. The weight of control group leaves was 157.58 g and those treated with half dose, standard dose and double dose were 170.10 g, 174.86 and 170.44 g. The growth in weight of the lettuce leaves due to standard dose (174.86 g) was more acceptable; it gained higher growth compared to the growth from half dose (170.10 g) and double dose (170.44 g). These results suggest that, compared with untreated control group the Moja-3 foliar spray group showed an increase in growth of the leaves of lettuce, and among there different group standard foliar spray treatments group showed the good result. Bacillus mojavensis KJS-3 foliar spray treatment for the growth of lettuce Result of Moja-3 foliar spray in the lettuce, for three weeks once each week, did not showed any inhibitory effect on the growth of lettuce, and the results observed have been shown in figure 3 below. This is the very first study on growth promoting effects of bacterial application in the growth parameters of plants such as altari radish and lettuce. Though, similar investigations were conducted in different plant species, their studies suggested that, bacterial applications including Pseudomonas and Bacillus strains can stimulate growth and increase the yield in pepper and tomato [20 , 28] , in beans [32] , in sugar beet [5] , in spring barley [29] , in sweet cherry [10] , apricot [1] , in raspberry [25] in apple [2] , in rocket [8] and in tomato and cucumber [9] . The key reason for the growth promoting effect of bacterial applications on plant growth is that they affect on fixation capacity of Nitrogen [7 , 26 , 34] and is one of the most prominent mechanism of action with high probability of affecting plant growth [10] . In modern agriculture field, increase in use of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers has resulted in deterioration of soil fertility and manifestation of pesticide-resistant mutants of insects and plant pathogens damaging human body. To overcome these problems, biological control using endophyte is becoming more and more attentive and much research has been carried out in recent years. The species mojavensis is a relatively new member of the genus Bacillus and is known to be a PGPR of plants. Bacillus mojavensis KJS-3 discovered from food waste has been investigated as potential for developing the product in the industrial applications and found to possess antifungal property against Aspergillus terreus, A. fumagatus, A. flavus and Fusarium redolense . The effects produced by three different B. mojavensis strain foliar spray treatment method resulted increase in the growth of both altari radish and lettuce. The standard recommended dose of B. mojavensis KJS-3 (1X10 ⁹ CFU/g) was found to be more effective than half of the dose and similar to the double dose, for the growth of both altari radish and lettuce. The present study demonstrates a significant positive effect of B. mojavensis KJS-3 as a potential agent of new bio-fertilizer for growth of altari radish and lettuce cultivation.