We present smooth simply connected closed 4
k
-dimensional manifolds
N
:=
Nk
, for each
k
∈ {2, 3, ⋯}, with distinct symplectic deformation equivalence classes [[
ωi
]],
i
= 1, 2. To distinguish [[
ωi
]]’s, we used the symplectic
Z
invariant in
[4]
which depends only on the symplectic deformation equivalence class. We have computed that
Z
(
N
, [[
ω
1
]]) = ∞ and
Z
(
N
, [[
ω
2
]]) < 0.
1. INTRODUCTION
An
almost-Kӓhler
metric on a smooth manifold
M
2n
of real dimension 2
n
is a Riemannian metric
g
compatible with a symplectic structure
ω
, i.e.
ω
(
X
,
Y
) =
g
(
X
,
JY
) for an almost complex structure
J
, where
X
,
Y
are tangent vectors at a point of the manifold. Two symplectic forms
ω
0
and
ω
1
on
M
are called
deformation equivalent
, if there exists a diffeomorphism
ψ
of
M
such that
ψ
∗
ω
1
and
ω
0
can be joined by a smooth homotopy of sympelctic forms,
[5]
. For a symplectic form
ω
, its deformation equivalence class shall be denoted by [[
ω
]]. We denote by Ω
[[ω]]
the set of all almost Kӓhler metrics compatible with a symplectic form in [[
ω
]]. Examples of smooth manifolds with more than one symplectic deformation class have been an interesting subject to study; refer to
[6]
,
[7]
or
[8]
.
For a smooth closed manifold
M
of dimension 2
n
≥ 4 which admits a symplectic structure
ω
, we have defined a symplectic invariant
Z
in
[4]
;
where dvol
g
,
sg
, Vol
g
are the volume form, the scalar curvature and the volume of
g
respectively.
In
[4]
, we presented a six dimensional non-simply connected closed manifold which admits two symplectic deformation classes [[
ωi
]],
i
= 1, 2, such that their
Z
values have distinct signs. Then in
[3]
, we showed an eight dimensional simply connected closed manifold with the same property.
The main result in this article is to present a simply connected manifold of dimension 4
k
, for each
k
∈ {2, 3, ⋯}, with the above property.
2. EXAMPLES IN DIMENSION 4k
Here we shall prove the following;
Theorem 2.1.
For each integer k
≥ 2,
there exists a smooth closed simply connected
4
k
-
dimensional manifold N with symplectic deformation equivalence classes
[[
ωi
]],
i
= 1, 2
such that Z
(
N
, [[
ω
1
]]) = ∞
and Z
(
N
, [[
ω
2
]]) < 0.
The manifold
N
is (diffeomorphic to) the product of
k
copies of a complex surface of general type with ample canonical line bundle which is homeomorphic to
R
8
, the blow up of the complex projective plane ℂℙ
2
at 8 points in general position. This general type complex surface may be obtained as a small deformation of Barlow’s explicit complex surfaces
[1]
. When
k
= 2, the manifold
N
in the theorem can be the one studied by Catanese and LeBrun
[2]
.
To prove this theorem, we need the following;
Proposition 1.
Let W be a complex surface of general type with ample canonical line bundle
,
homeomorphic to R
8
.
Consider a Kӓhler Einstein metric of negative scalar curvature on W with Kӓhler form ωW on W
.
Set N
:=
W
× ⋯ ×
W
,
the k-fold product of W
.
Then
,
and it is attained by a Kӓhler Einstein metric
.
Proof
. The argument here follows the scheme in [
4
, Section 3] and is similar to that in
[3]
. We recall one known fact about
W
from [
7
, Section 4]; there is a homeomorphism of
W
onto
R
8
which preserves the Chern class
c
1
. And there is a diffeomorphism of
N
onto
, the
k
-fold product of
R
8
[
2
, Section 4].
Note that
R
8
is well known to admit a Kӓhler Einstein metric of positive scalar curvature obtained by Calabi-Yau solution.
Then, the first Chern class of
W
can be written as
, where
Ei
,
i
= 0, · · · 8, is the Poincare dual of a homology class
,
i
= 0, ⋯ 8 so that
,
i
= 0, ⋯ 8, form a basis of
H
2
(
W
,ℤ) ≅ ℤ
9
and their intersections satisfy
, where
ε
0
= 1 and
εi
= −1 for
i
≥ 1. So, in this basis the intersection form becomes
We have the orientation of
W
induced by the complex structure and the fundamental class [
W
] ∈
H
4
(
W
, ℤ ) ≅ ℤ . As
ωW
is the Kӓhler form of a Kӓhler Einstein metric
gW
of negative scalar curvature, we may get
by scaling if necessary.
By Künneth theorem
, where
πj
is the projection of
N
onto the j-th factor. Then,
Consider any smooth path of symplectic forms
ωt
, 0 ≤
t
≤
δ
, on
N
such that
ω
0
=
ωW
+ ⋯ +
ωW
. We may write
for some continuous functions
in
t
,
i
= 0, ⋯, 8. As {
ωt
} is connected, their first Chern class
c
1
(
ωt
) =
c
1
(
N
) does not depend on
t
. Using the intersection form we do a combinatorial computation;
where
.
Set
, so that
. We put
. As
Aj
(0) = [
ωW
]
2
[
W
] > 0 and
from (2.1), we have
Aj
(
t
) > 0. Then
and as
, so
.
We also put
. Since
and
, we get
As
, by combinatorial computation we obtain;
Putting
A
=
A
1
⋯
Ak
and
, from (2.1) and (2.3) we have;
From the AM-GM (Arithmetic Mean - Geometric Mean) inequality;
, setting
, we get
So,
From (2.2),
where
. By calculus,
for
y
∈ [0, 1) with equality at
. So, we get
and
.
From this we have
There is a basic inequality for any symplectic structure
ω
on a closed manifold
M
of dimension 2
n
[4]
;
As the expression
is invariant under a change
ω
↦
ϕ
* (
ω
) by any diffeomorphism
ϕ
, so from (2.6) and the definition of
Z
, we get
We consider the Kӓhler form
ωW
+⋯+
ωW
of the product Kӓahler Einstein metric
gW
+ ⋯ +
gW
of negative scalar curvature on
N
=
W
× ⋯ ×
W
. One can readily check that this symplectic form satisfies the equality of both (2.6) and (2.7). So, we conclude
. ☐
Proof of Theorem 2.1.
Consider the positive Kӓhler Einstein metric on
R
8
and let
ω
1
be the Kӓhler form of the product positive Kӓhler Einstein metric on
R
8
× ⋯ ×
R
8
, which is diffeomorphic to
N
. We have
Z
(
N
, [[
ω
1
]]) = ∞ (scaling by different constants on each factor gives ∞). And let
ω
2
be
ωW
+ ⋯ +
ωW
. Then
Z
(
N
, [[
ω
2
]]) < 0 from Proposition 1. From the fact that these values are different, we conclude that [[
ω
1
]] and [[
ω
2
]] are distinct symplectic deformation equivalence classes. This proves Theorem 2.1. ☐
In this article I demonstrated examples in 4
k
dimension. But by refining the argument of
[4]
, one may try to get, for each
k
≥ 1, examples of closed symplectic (4
k
+ 2)-dimensional manifolds admitting two symplectic deformation equivalence classes with distinct signs of
Z
( , [[ · ]]) invariants.
So far we only used the Catanese-LeBrun manifold as building blocks. But one may use other 4-dimensional closed simply connected symplectic manifolds of smaller Euler characteristic.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MEST) (No.NRF-2010-0011704).
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