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CARATHÉODORY'S INEQUALITY ON THE BOUNDARY
CARATHÉODORY'S INEQUALITY ON THE BOUNDARY
The Pure and Applied Mathematics. 2015. May, 22(2): 169-178
Copyright © 2015, Korean Society of Mathematical Education
  • Received : January 30, 2015
  • Accepted : May 01, 2015
  • Published : May 31, 2015
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BüULENT NAFI, ÖORNEK

Abstract
In this paper, a boundary version of Carathéodory’s inequality is investigated. Also, new inequalities of the Carathéodory’s inequality at boundary are obtained and the sharpness of these inequalities is proved.
Keywords
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, boundary version of Schwarz lemma was investigated in D. M. Burns and S. G. Krantz [6] , R. Osserman [8] , V. N. Dubinin [2] , M. Jeong [4 , 5] , H. P. Boas [1] and other’s studies. On the other hand, in the book [7] , Sharp Real-Parts Theorem’s (in particular Carathéodory’s inequalities), which are frequently used in the theory of entire functions and analytic function theory, have been studied.
The classical Schwarz lemma states that an holomorphic function f mapping the unit disc D = { z : | z | < 1} into itself, with f (0) = 0, satisfies the inequality | f ( z )| ≤ | z | for any point z D and | f '(0)| ≤ 1. Equality in these inequalities (in the first one, for z ≠ 0) occurs only if f ( z ) = λz , | λ | = 1 [3, p.329]. It is an elementary consequence of Schwarz lemma that if f extends continuously to some boundary point z 0 with | z 0 | = 1, and if | f ( z 0 )| = 1 and f '( z 0 ) exists, then | f '( z 0 )| ≥ 1, which is known as the Schwarz lemma on the boundary.
In this paper, we studied “boundary Carathéodory’s inequalities” as analog the Schwarz lemma at the boundary [8] .
The Carathéodory’s inequality states that, if the function f is holomorphic on the unit disc D with f (0) = 0 and ℜ f A in D , then the inequality
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holds for all z D , and moreover
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Equality is achieved in (1.1) (for some nonzero z D ) or in (1.2) if and only if f ( z ) is the function of the form
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where θ is a real number [7, pp.3-4].
Robert Osserman considered the case that only one boundary fixed point of f is given and obtained a sharp estimate based on the values of the function. He has first showed that
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and
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under the assuumption f (0) = 0 where f is a holomorphic function mapping the unit disc into itself and z 0 is a boundary point to which f extends continuously and | f ( z 0 )| = 1. In addition, the equality in (1.3) holds if and only if f is of the form
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where θ is a real number and α D satisfies argα = arg z 0 . Also, the equality in (1.4) holds if and only if f ( z ) = ze , where θ is a real number.
Moreover, if
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then
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It follows that
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with equality only if f is of the form f ( z ) = zpe , θ real [8] .
If, in addition, the function f has an angular limit f ( z 0 ) at z 0 ∂D , | f ( z 0 )| = 1, then by the Julia-Wolff lemma the angular derivative f '( z 0 ) exists and 1 ≤ | f '( z 0 )| ≤ ∞ (see [11] ).
The inequality (1.5) is a particular case of a result due to Vladimir N. Dubinin in (see [2] ), who strengthened the inequality | f '( z 0 )| ≥ 1 by involving zeros of the function f . Some other types of strengthening inequalities are obtained in (see [9] , [10] ).
We have following results, which can be offered as the boundary refinement of the Carathéodory’s inequality.
Theorem 1.1. Let f be a holomorphic function in the unit disc D , f (0) = 0 and
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for | z | < 1. Further assume that , for some z 0 ∂D , f has an angular limit f ( z 0 ) at z 0 , ℜf ( z 0 ) = A . Then
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Moreover , the equality in (1.7) holds if and if
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wehere θ is a real number .
Proof . The function
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is holomorphic in the unit disc D , | ϕ ( z )| < 1, ϕ (0) = 0 and | ϕ ( z 0 )| = 1 for z 0 ∂D .
That is,
| f ( z ) − 2 A | 2 = | f ( z )| 2 − 2ℜ ( f ( z )2 A ) + 4 A 2 = | f ( z )| 2 − 4 A ℜ ( f ( z )) + 4 A 2 .
From the hypothesis, since ℜ f ( z ) ≤ A and 4 A f ( z ) ≤ 4 A 2 , we take
|2 A f ( z )|2 ≥ | f ( z )| 2 − 4 A f ( z ) + 4 A f ( z ) = | f ( z )| 2 .
Therefore, we obtain
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From (1.4), we obtain
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So, we take
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If
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from (1.9) and | ϕ '( z 0 )| = 1, we obtain
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Theorem 1.2. Let f be a holomorphic function in the unit disc D , f (0) = 0 and
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for | z | < 1. Further assume that , for some z 0 ∂D , f has an angular limit f ( z 0 ) at z 0 , ℜ f ( z 0 ) = A . Then
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The inequality (1.10) is sharp , with equality for the function
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where
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is an arbitrary number on [0, 1] ( see (1.2)).
Proof . Using the inequality (1.3) for the function (1.8), we obtain
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and
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Now, we shall show that the inequality (1.10) is sharp. Choose arbitrary a ∈ [0, 1]
Let
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Then
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and
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Since | f '(0)| = 2A a , (1.10) is satisfied with equality.
An interesting special case of Theorem1.2 is when f ''(0) = 0, in which case inequality (1.10) implies
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Clearly equality holds for
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θ real.
Now, if
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is a holomorphic function in the unit disc D and
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for | z | < 1, it can be seen that Carathéodory’s inequality can be obtained with standard methods as follows:
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and
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The following result is a generalization of Theorem1.1.
Theorem 1.3. Let
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cp ≠ 0, p ≥ 1 be a holomorphic function in the unit disc D and
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for | z | < 1. Further assume that, for some z 0 ∂D , f has an angular limit f ( z 0 ) at z 0 , ℜ f ( z 0 ) = A . Then
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In addition, the equality in (1.12) holds if and if
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wehere θ is a real number .
Proof . Using the inequality (1.6) for the function (1.8), we obtain
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Therefore, we take
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If
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from (1.13) and | ϕ ' ( z 0 )| = p , we obtain
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Theorem 1.4. Under hypotheses of Theorem 1.3, we have
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The inequality (1.14) is sharp , with equality for the function
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where
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is arbitrary number from [0, 1] ( see (1.11)).
Proof . Using the inequality (1.5) for the function (1.8), we obtain
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where
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Since
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we may write
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Thus, we take
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The equality in (1.14) is obtained for function
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as show simple calculations.
Consider the following product:
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B ( z ) is called a finite Blaschke product, where
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. Let the function
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satisfy the conditions of Carathéodory’s inequality and also have zeros a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n with order k 1 , k 2 , . . . , k n , respectively. Thus, one can see that Carathéodory’s inequality can be strengthened with the standard methods as follows:
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and
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The inequalities (1.15) and (1.16) show that the inequalities (1.1) and (1.2) will be able to be strengthened, if the zeros of function which are different from origin of f ( z ) in the (1.12) and (1.14) are taken into account.
Theorem 1.5. Let
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cp ≠ 0, p ≥ 1 be a holomorphic function in the unit disc D , and
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for | z | < 1. Assume that for some z 0 ∂D , f has an angular limit f ( z 0 ) at z 0 , ℜ f ( z 0 ) = A . Let a 1 , a 2 , ..., an be zeros of the function f in D that are different from zero. Then we have the inequality
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In addition, the equality in (1.17) occurs for the function
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where a 1 , a 2 , ..., an are positive real numbers .
Proof . Let ϕ ( z ) be as in the proof of Theorem1.1 and a 1 , a 2 , ..., an be zeros of the function f in D that are different from zero.
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is a holomorphic functions in D , and | B ( z )| < 1 for | z | < 1. By the maximum principle for each z D , we have
| ϕ ( z )| ≤ | B ( z )| .
The auxiliary function
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is holomorphic in D , and | φ ( z )| < 1 for | z | < 1, φ (0) = 0 and | φ ( z 0 )| = 1 for z 0 ∂D .
Moreover, it can be seen that
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Besides, with the simple calculations, we take
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From (1.5), we obtain
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where
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Since
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we may write
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Therefore, we have
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Now, we shall show that the inequality (1.17) is sharp. Let
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Then
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and
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Since a 1 , a 2 , ..., an are positive real numbers, we take
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Since
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(1.17) is satisfied with equality.
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