In this paper, we first show that for any space
X
, there is a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
of
R
(
X
) and that the subspace {α | α is a fixed σ
Z
(
X
)
#
-ultraiflter} of the Stone-space
S
(
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
) is the minimal basically disconnected cover of X. Using this, we will show that for any countably locally weakly Lindelöof space
X
, the set {
M
|
M
} is a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra of
R
(
X
) containing
Z(X)
# and
(
X
) is basically disconnectedg}, when partially ordered by inclusion, becomes a complete lattice.
1. INTRODUCTION
All spaces in this paper are Tychonoff spaces and
βX
denotes the Stone-Čech compactification of a space
X
.
Vermeer(
[10]
) showed that every space
X
has the minimal basically disconnected cover (Λ
X
, Λ
X
) and if
X
is a compact space, then Λ
X
is given by the Stone-space
S
(
σZ
(
X
)
#
) of a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra
σZ
(
X
)
#
of
R
(
X
). Henriksen, Vermeer and Woods(
[4]
)(Kim
[7]
, resp.) showed that the
minimal basically disconnected cover of a weakly Lindelöof space (a locally weakly Lindelöof space, resp.)
X
is given by the subspace {α | α is a fixed σ
Z
(
X
)
#
-ultrafilterg of the Stone-space
S
(
σZ
(
X
)
#
).
In this paper, we first show that for any space
X
, there is a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
of
R
(
X
) and that the subspace {α | α is a fixed σ
Z
(
X
)
#
-ultraiflter} of the Stone-space
S
(
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
) is the minimal basically discon nected cover of
X
. Using this, we will show
S
(
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
) and
βΛX
are homeomorphic. Moreover, we show that for any σ-complete Booeal subalgebra
M
of
R
(
X
) containing
Z
(
X
)
#
, the Stone-space
S
(
M
) of
M
is a basically diconnected cover of X and that the subspace {α | α is a fixed
M
-ultrafilterg of the Stone-space
S
(
M
) is the the minimal basically disconnected cover of
X
if and only if it is a basically disconnected space and
M
⊆
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
. Finally, we will show that for any countably locally weakly Lindelöof space
X
, the set {
M
|
M
} is a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra of
R
(
X
) containg
Z
(
X
)
#
and
(
X
) is basically disconnectedg, when partially ordered by inclusion, becomes a complete lattice.
For the terminology, we refer to
[1]
and
[9]
.
2. FILTER SPACES
The set
R
(
X
) of all regular closed sets in a space
X
, when partially ordered by inclusion, becomes a complete Boolean algebra, in which the join, meet, and complementation operations are defined as follows : for any
A
∈
R
(
X
) and any
-
{Ai:i∈I} ⊆R(X),
-
∨{Ai:i∈I} =clX(∪{Ai : i ∈I}),
-
∧{Ai:i∈I} =clX(intX(∩{Ai: i∈I})), and
-
A'=clX(X - A)
and a sublattice of
R
(
X
) is a subset of
R
(
X
) that contains
,
X
and is closed under finite joins and meets.
We recall that a map
f
:
Y
→
X
is called
a covering map
if it is a continuous, onto, perfect, and irreducible map.
Lemma 2.1
(
[5]
).
(1)
Let f
:
Y→ X be a covering map. Then the map
𝜓:
R
(
Y
) →
R
(
X
), defined by 𝜓(
A
) =
f
(
A
) ∩
X
,
is a Boolean isomorphism and the inverse map
𝜓
-1
of
𝜓
is given by
𝜓
-1
(
B
) =
clY
(
f
-1
(
intX
(B))) =
clY
(
intY
(
f
-1
(
B
))).
(2)
Let X be a dense subspace of a space K. Then the map ϕ
:
R
(
K
) →
R
(
X
),
defined by ϕ(A) = A ∩ X, is a Boolean isomorphism and the inverse map ϕ-1 of ϕ is given by ϕ-1
(
B
) =
clK
(
B
).
A lattice
L
is called
σ-complete
if every countable subset of
L
has the join and the meet. For any subset
M
of a Boolean algebra
L
, there is the smallest σ-complete Boolean subalgebra
σM
of
L
containing
M
. Let
X
be a space and
Z
(
X
) the set of all zero-sets in
X
. Then
Z
(
X
)
#
= {
clX
(
intX
(
Z
)) |
Z
∈
Z
(
X
)} is a sublattice of
R
(
X
).
We recall that a subspace
X
of a space
Y
is
C*-embedded
in
Y
if for any realvalued continuous map
f
:
X
→
, there is a continuous map
g
:
Y
→
such that
g
|
x
=
f
.
Let
X
be a space. Since
X
is
C*
-embedded in
βX
, by Lemma 2.1.,
σZ
(
X
)
#
and
σZ
(
βX
)
#
are Boolean isomorphic.
Let
X
be a space and 𝓑 a Boolean subalgebra of
R
(
X
). Let
S
(𝓑) = {α | α is a
B
-ultrafilterg and for any
B
∈
B
,
= {α ∈
S
(𝓑) |
B
∈ α}. Then the space
S
(
B
), equipped with the topology for which {
|
B
∈ 𝓑} is a base, called
the Stone-space of
𝓑. Then
S
(𝓑) is a compact, zero-dimensional space and the map
sB
:
S
(𝓑) →
βX
, defined by
sB
(α) = ∩{
clβX
(
A
) |
A
∈ 𝓑}, is a covering map (
[7]
).
Definition 2.2.
A space
X
is called
basically disconnected
if for any zero-set
Z
in X,
intX
(
Z
) is closed in
X
, equivalently, every cozero-set in
X
is
C*
-embedded in
X
.
A space
X
is a basically disconnected space if and only if
βX
is a basically disconnected space. If
X
is a basically disconnected space, every element in
Z
(
X
)
#
is clopen in
X
and so
X
is a basically disconnected space if and only if
Z
(
X
)
#
is a σ-complete Boolean algebra.
Definition 2.3.
Let
X
be a space. Then a pair (
Y, f
) is called
(1)
a cover of X
if
f : Y → X
is a covering map,
(2)
a basically disconnected cover of X
if (
Y, f
) is a cover of
X
and
Y
is a basically disconnected space, and
(3)
a minimal basically disconnected cover of X
if (
Y, f
) is a basically disconnected cover of
X
and for any basically disconnected cover (
Z, g
) of
X
, there is a covering map
h : Z → Y
such that
f ○ h = g
.
Vermeer(
[10]
) showed that every space
X
has a minimal basically disconnected cover (Λ
X
, Λ
X
) and that if
X
is a compact space, then Λ
X
is the Stone-space
S
(
σZ
(
X
)
#
) of
σZ
(
X
)
#
and Λ
X
(
α
) =∩{
A
|
A
∈
α
} (
α
∈Λ
X
).
Let
X
be a space. Since
σZ
(
X
)
#
and
σZ
(
βX
)
#
are Boolean isomorphic,
S
(
σZ
(
X
)
#
) and
S
(
σZ
(
βX
)
#
) are homeomorphic.
Let
X, Y
be spaces and
f : Y → X
a map. For any
U
⊆
X
, let
fU
:
f
-1
(
U
) →
U
denote the restriction and co-restriction of f with respect to
f
-1
(
U
) and
U
, respectively.
In the following, for any space
X
, (Λ
βX
, Λ
β
) denotes the minimal basically disconnected cover of
βX
.
Lemma 2.4
(
[7]
).
Let X be a space. If
is a basically disconnected space, then
(
Λ
βX
)
is the minimal basically disconnected cover of X
.
For any covering map
f : Y →X
, let
Z
(
f
)
#
= {
clY
(
intX
(
f
(
Z
))) |
Z
∈
Z
(
Y
)
#
}. Since
R
(Λ
X
) and
R
(
X
) are Boolean isomorphic and
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
is a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra of
R
(Λ
X
), by Lemma 2.1,
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
is a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra of
R
(
X
).
Definition 2.5
. Let
X
be a space and 𝓑 a sublattice of
R
(
X
). Then a 𝓑-filter 𝓕 is called
fixed
if {
F
| ∈ 𝓕} ≠
Let
X
be a space and for any
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
-ultrafilter
α
, let
α
λ
= {
A
∈
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
| Λ
X
(
A
) ∈
α
}.
Proposition 2.6
. Let
X be a space and α a fixed Z
(Λ
X
)
#
-
ultrafilter. Then αλ is a fixed Z(ΛX)#-ultrafilter and
| ∩{A | A ∈
α
λ
} |= 1.
Proof.
Clearly,
α
λ
is a
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
-filter. Suppose that
A
∈
Z
(Λ
X
)# -
α
λ
. Then Λ
X
(
A
) ∈
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
-
α
. Since
α
is a
Z
(Λ
X
)#-ultrafilter, there is
C
∈ α such that
C
∧ Λ
X
(
A
) = Ø and hence
A
∧
cl
ΛX
(
(
intX
(
C
))) =
Since Λ
X
(
clΛX
(
(
intX
(
C
)))) =
C
∈
α
,
cl
ΛX
(
(
intX
(
C
))) ∈
α
¸ and hence
α
λ
is a
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
-ultrafilter. Since
α
is fixed, there is an
x
∈ ∩{
B
|
B
∈
α
}. Then {
A
∩
(
x
) |
A
∈
α
λ
} has a family of closed sets in
(
x
) with the finite intersection property. Since
(
x
) is a compact subset of Λ
X
, ∩{A ∩
(
x
) | A ∈
α
λ
} ≠
and hence ∩{A | A ∈
α
λ
} ≠
. Since
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
is a base for Λ
X
and
α
λ
¸ is a
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
-ultraifiter, | ∩{
A
|
A
∈
α
λ
} |= 1. □
Let
X
be a space and
FX
= {
α
|
α
is a fixed
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
-ultrafilterg the subspace of the Stone space
S
(
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
). Define a map
hX
:
FX
→ Λ
X
by
hX
(
α
) = ∩{A | A ∈
α
λ
}. In the following, let
ΣB
=
for any
B
∈
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
.
Theorem 2.7.
Let X be a space. Then hX
:
FX
→ Λ
X
is a homeomorphism.
Proof.
Take any
α, δ
in
FX
with α ≠δ. Since
α
and
δ
are
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
-ultrafilters, there are
A
,
B
in
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
such that Λ
X
(
A
) ∈
α
, Λ
X
(
B
) ∈
δ
such that Λ
X
(
A
)∧Λ
X
(
B
) =
. Then A ∈
α
λ
,
B
∈
δ
λ
¸ and
A
∧
B
=
. By Lemma 2.1,
cl
ΛX
(
A
) ∩
cl
ΛX
(
B
) =
and
hX
(
α
) = ∩{
G
|
G
∈
α
λ
} ≠ ∩{
H
|
H
∈
δ
λ
} =
hX
(
δ
). Thus
hX
is an one-to-one map.
Let
y
∈ Λ
X
and 𝛾 = {Λ
X
(
C
) |
y
∈
C
∈
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
}. Since every element of
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
is a clopen set in Λ
X
, 𝛾 ∈
FX
and
hX
(𝛾) =
y
and hence
hX
is an onto map.
Let
E
∈
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
. Suppose that
µ
∈
FX
-
(
E
). Since Λ
X
(E)
∉ µ, µ ∉
Σ
ΛX
(
E
) and so Σ
ΛX
(
E
) ⊆
h
-1
(E). Suppose that
θ
∈
(
E
). Then
hX
(
θ
) ∈
E
and hence for any
A
∈
θ
λ
A∩E ≠
. Since
θ
λ
is a
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
-ultrafilter,
E
∈
θ
λ
and so
E
∈Σ
ΛX(E)
and
hX
(
θ
) ∈
E
. Hence Σ
ΛX
(
E
) =
(
E
). and since
hX
is one-to-one and onto,
hX
is a homeomorphism. □
Corollary 2.8
.
Let X be a space and FX = ΛX ○ hX. Then (FX, FX) is the minimal basically disconnected cover of X and F
(
α
) = ∩{
A
|
A
∈
α
}
for all α
∈
FX
.
It is well-known that a space
X
is
C*
-embedded in its compactification
Y
if and only if
βX
=
Y
.
Theorem 2.9.
Let X be a space. Then there is a homeomorphism k : βΛX → S
(
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
)
such that k ○ βΛX ○ hX = j, where j : FX → S
(
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
)
is the inclusion map.
Proof.
By Theorem 2.7.,
βFX = βΛX
and
S
(
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
) is a compactification of
FX
. Hence there is a continuous map
k
:
βΛX
→
S
(
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
) such that
k○βΛX○hX = j
, where
j
: Λ
X
→
S
(
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
) is the dense embedding. Let
T
=
S
(
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
) and
A, B
be disjoint zero-sets in
FX
. Then there are disjoint zero-sets
C, D
in
FX
such that
A
⊆
intFX
(
C
) and
B
⊆
int
FX
(
D
). Since
hX
:
FX
→ Λ
X
is a homeomorphism,
clFX
(
int
FX
(
C
)) = Σ
FX
(
clFX
(
intFX
(
C
))) ∩
FX
and since
FX
is dense in
T
,
clT
(
clFX
(
intFX
(
C
))) = Σ
FX
(
clFX
(
intFX
(
C
))). Similarly,
clT (clFX(intFX(D))) = ΣFX(clFX(intFX(D))).
Since
clFX
(
intFX
(
C
))) ∧
clFX
(
intFX
(
D
))) =
,
FX(clFX(intFX(C))) ∧ FX(clFX(intFX(D))) =
.
Hence
clT(clFX(intFX(C))) ∩ clT (clFX(intFX(D)))
= ΣFX(clFX(intFX(C))) ∩ ΣFX(clFX(intFX(D)))
= ΣFX(clΛX(intΛX(C)))∧FX(clFX(intFX(D)))
=
By the Uryshon’s extension theorem,
FX
is
C*
-embedded in
T
and so
k
is a homeomorphism. □
It is known that
βΛX = ΛβX
if and only if {Λ
X
(
A
) |
A
∈
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
} =
σZ
(
X
)
#
(
[5]
). Hence we have the following :
Corollary 2.10.
Let X be a space. Then βΛX = ΛβX if and only if Z
(Λ
X
)
#
=
σZ
(
X
)
#
.
3. BASICALLY DISCONNECTED COVERS
Let
X
be a space and
M
a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra of
R
(
X
) containg
Z
(
X
)
#
. By the dfinition of
σZ
(
X
)
#
,
σZ
(
X
)# ⊆
M
.
Proposition 3.1.
Let X be a space and M a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra of R
(
X
)
containg Z
(
X
)
#
.
Then S
(
M
)
is a basically disconnected space.
Proof.
Let
D
be a
cozero-set
in
S
(
M
). Since
S
(
M
) is a compact space,
D
is a Lindelöf space and hence there is a sequense (
An
) in
M
such that
D
= ∪{
|
n
∈
N
}. Clearly,
clS
(
M
)(
D
) ⊆
. Let
α
∈
S
(
M
) -
clS
(
M
)(∪{
|
n
∈
N
}). Then there is a
B
∈
M
such that
α
∈
and (∪{
|
n
∈
N
) ∩
=
. Hence for any
n
∈
N
,
∩
= Σ
An∧B
=
. and hence
An ∧ B
=
. So, ∨{
An
∧
B
|
n
∈
N
} = (∨{
An
|
n
∈
N
}) ∧
B
=
. Since
B
∈
α
, ∨{
An
|
n
∈
N
} ∉
α
and so
α
∉ Σ
∨{An|n∈N}
. Hence
clS
(
M
)(
D
) is open in
S
(
M
) and thus
S
(
M
) is a basically disconnected space. □
Let
X
be a space and
M
a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra of
R
(
X
) containg
Z
(
X
)
#
. By Theorem 3.1, there is a covering map
t
:
S
(
M
) →
ΛβX
such that
Λβ ○ t
=
sM
.
Theorem 3.2.
Let X be a space and M a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra of R
(
X
) containg
Z
(
X
)
#
.
Then we have the following :
(1)
There is a covering map g : S
(
M
) →
βΛX such that sZ
(ΛX)#
○
g
=
sM if and only if Z
(Λ
X
)
#
⊆
M
.
(2)
There is a covering map f : βΛX → S
(
M
) such that
sM
○
f = sZ
(ΛX)
#
if and only if M
⊆
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
.
(3) (
(
X
),
sMX
)
is the minimal basically disconnected cover of X if and only if
(
(
X
),
sMX
)
is a basically disconnected cover of X and M ⊆ Z
(Λ
X
)
#
.
Proof.
(1) (⇒) Take any
Z
∈
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
. Then there is an
A ∈ Z
(
βΛX
)
#
such that
Z
=
A
∩
ΛX
. Since
β
Λ
X
is basically disconnected,
g
-1
(
A
) is a clopen-set in
S
(M
). Since
S
(
M
) is compact, there is a
D
∈
M
such that
g
-1
(
A
) =
. Since
sM
and
sZ
(ΛX)#
are covering maps,
clβX
(
D
) =
sM
(
g
-1
(
A
)) =
sZ
(ΛX)#
(
A
). By Lemma 2.1,
D
=
sM
(g
-1
(
A
)) ∩
X
=
sZ
(ΛX)#
(
A
) ∩
X
= Λ
X
(
A
∩ Λ
X
) = Λ
X
(
Z
) and hence Λ
X
(
Z
) ∈
M
.
(⇐) It is trivial(
[9]
).
Similarly, we have (2)
(3) (⇒) Suppose that (
(
X
),
sMX
) is the minimal basically disconnected cover of
X
. Then there is a homeomorhpism
l
:
(
X
)→ Λ
X
such that Λ
X
○
l
=
sMX
. Hence there is a covering map
f
:
βΛX
→
S
(
M
) such that
f ○ βΛX ○ l = j
, where
j
:
(
X
) →
S
(
M
) is the inclusion map. Take any
D
∈
M
. Then
f
-1
(
) is a clopen set in
βΛX
and since
βΛX
is a compact space, there is an
A
∈
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
such that Σ
A
=
f
-1
(
). Hence
sZ
(ΛX)#
(Σ
A
) =
clβX
(
A
) =
sZ
(ΛX)#
(
f
-1
(
)). Since
sM
○
f ○ βΛX ○ ○ l
=
sM ○ j = βX ○ ΛX ○ l = sZ(ΛX)# ○ βΛX ○ l
and
βΛX ○ l
is a dense embedding,
sM ○ f = sZ
(ΛX)#
. By (2), we have the result.
(⇐)Since
(
X
) is a basically disconnected space, there is a covering map
l
:
(
X
) → Λ
X
such that Λ
X
○
l
=
sMX
. Since
M
⊆
Z
(Λ
X
)
#
, by (2), there is a covering map
f : βΛX → S
(
M
) such that
sM ○ f = sZ
(ΛX)#
. Since
sM ○ f ○ βΛX = sZ(ΛX)#○ βΛX = βX○ΛX
, there is a covering
m
: Λ
X
→
(
X
) such that
sMX ○m
= Λ
X
and
j ○m
=
f ○ βΛX
. Since Λ
X
○l ○m = sMX ○m = ΛX = ΛX ○1ΛX
and Λ
X
,
l ○m
are coevring maps,
l ○ m
= 1
ΛX
. Hence
(
X
) and Λ
X
are homeomorphic. □
We recall that a space
X
is called a weakly Lindelöf space if for any open cover 𝒰, there is a countable subset 𝒱 of 𝒰 such that ∪𝒱 is dense in
X
and that
X
is called a countably locally weakly Lindelöf space if for any countable set{
Un
|
n
∈
} of open covers of
X
and any
x
∈
X
, there is a neighborhood
G
of
x
in
X
and for any
n
∈
, there is a countable subset 𝒱
n
of 𝒰
n
such that
G
⊆
clX
(∪𝒱
n
).
It was shown that for any countably locally weakly Lindelöf space
X
,
(
X
) is a basically disconnected space(
[8]
). Using Lemma 2.4 and Theorem 3.2, we have the following corollary :
Corollary 3.3
.
Let X be a countably locally weakly Lindelöf space. Then the set
{
M
|
M
is a σ-complete Boolean subalgebra of R
(
X
) containg
Z
(
X
)
#
and
(
X
)
is basically disconnected}, when partially ordered by inclusion, becomes a complete lattice. Moreover
,
σZ
(
X
)
#
is the bottom element and Z
(Λ
X
)
#
is the top element.
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1990
Abstract and concrete categories
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1958
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