A series of some novel 2-[5-(substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazoles were synthesized by using benzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid on reaction with thionyl chloride in presence of ethanol solvent at room temperature gave benzoxazole-2-carbonyl chloride, which is turned into benzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide on reaction with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol solvent under reflux. The subsequent treatment of benzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide with an appropriate aromatic carboxylic acid in presence of polyphosparic acid under reflux afforded the title compounds. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by their IR,
1
H NMR and Mass spectral data analysis. Further the compounds are used to find out their ability towards anti microbial and nematicidal activity.
INTRODUCTION
The main objective of the medicinal chemistry is to synthesize the compounds that show promising activity as therapeutic agents with lower toxicity. During recent years there have been some interesting developments in the biological activities of benzoxazole derivatives. Benzoxazoles have special significance in the field of medicinal chemistry due to their remarkable pharmacological potentialities. Benzoxazoles have received considerable attention in diverse areas of chemistry.
1
2
The small and simple benzoxazole nucleus is present in compounds involved in research aimed at evaluating new products that possess interesting biological activities such as antiviral,
3
antimicrobial,
4
antifungal,
5
antiparkinson,
6
anticancer
7
and antibiotic
8
properties. They are also used as ligands for asymmetric transformations.
9
A number of methods have been reported for the synthesis of these heterocycles which include condensation of carboxylic acids
10
and their derivatives like orthoesters,
11
−
13
nitriles,
14
amides,
15
aldehydes
16
and esters
17
with o-substituted aminoaromatics. Beckmann rearrangement of o-acylphenol oximes
18
and photocyclization of phenolic Schiff bases also produce these compounds.
19
Synthetic routes that are common to the preparation of these heterocycles typically involve the reaction of a carboxylic acid or its derivatives with an appropriate 1,2-phenylenediamine, 2-aminophenol or 2-aminothio phenol in the presence of a strong acid at elevated temperatures.
20
21
The oxadiazole chemistry has been developed extensively and is still developing. Presently there are a number of drugs used clinically, which comprise oxadiazole moiety in association with various heterocyclic rings. 1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles are biologically active, synthetically useful and important heterocyclic compounds. The synthesis of novel oxadiazole derivatives and investigation of their chemical and biological behavior have gained more importance in recent decades for biological, medicinal and agricultural reasons. Different classes of oxadiazole compounds possess an extensive spectrum of pharmacological activities. Differently substituted oxadiazole moiety has also been found to have other important activities such as antibacterial,
22
antimalarial,
23
anti-inflammatory,
24
antifungal,
25
anticonvulsant,
26
analgesic,
27
antimicrobial,
28
antimycobacterial,
29
anticonvulsant,
30
antitumor,
31
antimalarial,
32
herbicidal,
33
vasodialatory,
34
cytotoxic,
35
hypolipidemic,
36
ulcerogenic
37
and antiedema.
38
The biological significance of these compounds impelled us to continue the work on the synthesis of some new and novel heterocycles.
EXPERIMENTAL
All reagents and solvents were used as purchased without further purification. Melting points were determined on a Fisher–ohns melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. Crude products were purified by column chromatography on silica gel of 60–120 mesh. IR spectra were obtained on a PerkinElmer BX serried FTIR 5000 spectrometer using KBr pellet. NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian 300 MHz spectrometer for
1
H NMR. The chemical shifts were reported as ppm down field using TMS as an internal standard. Mass spectra were recorded on a VG-Micromass 7070H spectrometer operating at 70 eV.
- General procedures for synthesis of benzoxazole-2- carbonyl chloride 2
To a solution of benzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid
1
(0.01 mol) in ethanol (20 ml), thinly chloride (0.01 mol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. After completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC, EtOAc: petroleum-ether, 2:1) then the mixture was poured in water (30 ml) and extracted with Et
2
O (3 × 20 ml). The organic phase was separated, and dried over Na
2
SO
4
. Evaporation of the solvent gave benzoxazole-2-carbonyl chloride
2
in 69% yields as brown solid; m.p.: 125–127 ℃; IR (KBr, cm
−1
)
ν
max
: 3035, 1775, 1635, 1579, 1552, 1498, 1147;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ: 7.46 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.83 (dd, 1H, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, Ar-H), 7.98 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz, Ar-H), 8.12 (dd, 1H, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, Ar-H); MS, m/z (%) 181 (M
+
).
- Synthesis of benzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide 3
To a mixture of benzoxazole-2-carbonyl chloride
2
(0.01 mol) in 10 ml of absolute ethanol and hydrazine hydrate (0.04 mol), was added. Then the reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 h. After completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC), it was then diluted with ice-cold water (20 ml) and the solid obtained was purified by crystallization from ethanol to afford pure product benzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide
3
in 72% yields as pale yellow solid; m.p.: 136–138 ℃; IR (KBr, cm
−1
)
ν
max
: 3038, 1780, 1640, 1582, 1565, 1152;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d
6
) δ: 5.65 (s, 2H, NH
2
), 7.41 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz, Ar-H), 7.65 (dd, 1H, J = 7.8, 1.1 Hz, Ar-H), 7.71 (s, 1H, CONH), 7.89 (d, 1H, J = 8.7 Hz, Ar-H), 8.05 (dd, 1H, J = 7.8, 1.1 Hz, Ar- H); MS, m/z (%) 177 (M
+
).
- Synthesis of 2-[5-(substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol- 2-yl]-benzoxazoles 4 a−g
A mixture of benzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide
3
(0.01 mol) and substituted benzoic acid (0.01 mol) was heated at 100–120 ℃ in presence of excess polyphosphoric acid (PPA) for 4–5 h. After cooling, the mixture was poured into crushed ice, and neutralized with 5% aq. NaHCO
3
solution. The precipitated solid was filtered and purified using column chromatography (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate, 9:1).
- 2-(5-Phenyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl) benzoxazole 4a
Yellow solid; Yield : 75%, m.p.: 154–156 ℃; IR (KBr, cm
−1
)
ν
max
: 3040, 1795, 1652, 1565, 1545, 1135;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ: 7.42–7.25 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 7.53 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.80 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.5 Hz, Ar-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 8.45 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.5 Hz, Ar-H); MS, m/z (%) 263 (M
+
).
- 2-[5-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazole 4b
Brown solid; Yield : 78%, m.p.: 174–176 ℃; IR (KBr, cm
−1
)
ν
max
: 3045, 1785, 1648, 1584, 1565, 1155;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ: 7.54–7.05 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.66 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.75 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.85 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, Ar-H), 8.12 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, Ar-H); MS, m/z (%) 297 (M
+
).
- 2-[5-(2-Bromo-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazole 4c
Pale yellow solid; Yield : 74%, m.p.: 145–147 ℃; IR (KBr, cm
−1
)
ν
max
: 3025, 1790, 1632, 1570, 1555, 1152;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d
6
) δ: 7.50–7.06 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.52 (d, 1H, J = 7.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.84 (dd, 1H, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, Ar-H), 8.12 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz, Ar-H), 8.65 (dd, 1H, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, Ar-H); MS, m/z (%) 342 (M
+
).
- 2-[5-(2-Methyl-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazole 4d
Yellow solid; Yield : 75%, m.p.: 165–167 ℃; IR (KBr, cm
−1
)
ν
max
: 3020, 1802, 1630, 1585, 1565, 1152;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ: 2.40 (s, 3H, CH
3
), 7.54–7.06 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.62 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.95 (dd, 1H, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, Ar-H), 8.21 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, Ar-H), 8.45 (dd, 1H, J = 7.5, 1.5 Hz, Ar-H); MS, m/z (%) 277 (M
+
).
- 2-[5-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazole 4e
Brown solid; Yield : 70%, m.p.: 144–146 ℃; IR (KBr, cm
−1
)
ν
max
: 3015, 1795, 1652, 1619, 1582, 1135;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ: 7.42 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.65 (d, 2H, J = 7.4 Hz, Ar-H), 7.78 (dd, 1H, J = 7.3, 1.7 Hz, Ar- H), 7.84 (d, 2H, J = 7.4 Hz, Ar-H), 8.21 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, Ar-H), 8.32 (dd, 1H, J = 7.3, 1.7 Hz, Ar-H); MS, m/z (%) 297 (M
+
).
- 2-[5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazole 4f
Yellow solid; Yield : 77%, m.p.: 136–138 ℃; IR (KBr, cm
−1
)
ν
max
: 3020, 1785, 1632, 1608, 1585, 1145;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ: 7.36 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.65 (d, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.74 (d, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.81 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 1.5 Hz, Ar-H), 8.05 (d, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz, Ar-H), 8.43 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 1.5 Hz, Ar-H); MS, m/z (%) 342 (M
+
).
- 2-[5-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazole 4g
Pale yellow solid; Yield : 75%, m.p.: 158–160 ℃; IR (KBr, cm
−1
)
ν
max
: 3025, 1805, 1625, 1595, 1575, 1155;
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ: 2.80 (s, 3H, CH
3
), 7.52 (d, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.54 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.65 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, Ar-H), 7.74 (d, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz, Ar- H), 7.85 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, Ar-H), 8.42 (dd, 1H, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, Ar-H); MS, m/z (%) 311 (M
+
).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Inspired by the biological profile of benzoxazole and oxadiazoles and their increasing importance in pharmaceutical and biological fields, and in continuation of our research on biologically active heterocycles considering the scope to introduce 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety into the benzooxazole, it is thought worthwhile to undertake the synthesis of the title compounds with the view to obtain certain new chemical entities with both active pharmacophores in a single molecular frame work for the intensified biological activities.
Accordingly, in this manuscript we describe the synthesis of the 2-[5-(substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2- yl]-benzoxazoles
4a
–
g
. The syntheses of the compound
4
commenced from commercially available benzoxazole-2- carboxylic acid
1
. The benzoxazole-2-carbonyl chloride
2
, the key intermediate, has been prepared in 69% yield by stirring of a mixture of benzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid
1
and thionyl chloride in presence of ethanol solvent at room temperature for 3 h as in
1
. Formation of the compound
2
was confirmed by its spectral analysis. The IR spectrum of
2
showed the absorption band corresponding to the C=O and C=N groups at 1775 and 1635 cm
−1
respectively. The remaining absorption bands appeared at 1579, 1552 (C=C, aromatic), 1147 (C–O) cm
−1
. The proton NMR spectrum of compound
2
showed a signal at δ 8.12 ppm, as a double doublet integrating for one proton is assigned for aromatic protons and the remaining aromatic signals at δ 7.98 ppm for one proton, at δ 7.83 ppm for proton and at δ 7.46 ppm for proton appeared as doublet, double doublet and doublet respectively. The mass spectrum of compound showed molecular ion peak at m/z 181.
Ra = C6H5, b = 2-ClC6H4 , c = 2-BrC6H4 , d = 2- CH3C6H4, e = 4-ClC6H4, f = 4-BrC6H4, g = 4-CH3C6H4.
The benzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide
3
, intermediate for the synthesis of title compounds, has been prepared by the dehydrohalogenation of benzoxazole-2- carbonyl chloride
2
with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of ethanol solvent at reflux for 8 h to yield compound
3
in 72%. Formation of the compound
3
was confirmed by its spectral analysis. In the IR spectrum of
3
the absorption band appeared at 1780 and 1640 cm
−1
which are characteristic of C=O and C=N stretching vibrations respectively. The remaining absorption bands appeared at 1582, 1565 (C=C, aromatic), 1152 (C–O) cm
−1
. The proton NMR spectrum of the compound
3
showed signals at δ 8.05 ppm for one proton and at δ 7.65 for one proton, both as double doublet integrating the aromatic protons. The remaining two aromatic protons appeared at d 7.89 ppm as doublet for one proton and at δ 7.41 ppm also as doublet for proton. At d 7.71 ppm as a singlet, integrating for one proton is assigned to the CONH group. Another singlet signals at δ 5.65 ppm, integrating for one proton is assigned to the NH
2
group. The mass spectrum of the compound
3
showed molecular ion peak at m/z 177.
The compound benzoxazole-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide
3
, when reacted with different aromatic carboxylic acids in the presence of polyphsphoric acid (PPA) at reflux temperature for 4–5 h afforded the title compounds, 2-[5-(substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazoles
4a
–
g
in 70–78% yields. Formation of the compound 2-(5-Phenyl-[ 1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)benzoxazole
4a
was confirmed by its spectral analysis. In the IR spectra of compounds
4a
absorption bands corresponding to the C=O and C=N appeared at 1795 and 1652 cm
−1
respectively. The absorption band signal for C–O group appeared at 1135 cm
−1
.
1
H NMR spectrum of compound
4a
showed two resonance signals at δ 8.45 ppm and at δ 7.80 ppm as double doublets for two protons corresponding to aromatic protons. Another two aromatic protons of benzoxazole ring gave two signals at δ 7.89 ppm and at δ 7.53 ppm as doublets with J value 8.0 Hz and 7.8 Hz respectively. The aromatic protons of phenyl ring appeared between δ 7.42–7.25 ppm as multiplet, integrating for five protons. Mass spectrum of compound 108a showed a peak at m/z 263 (M
+
), confirming the structure of compound
4a
. In summery all the chemical structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by their IR,
1
H NMR, Mass and further the compounds were screened for their antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
The in vitro antibacterial activity of the newly prepared 2-[5-(substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazoles
4a
–
g
was screened against four human pathogenic bacteria
viz., Escherichia coli, Klebseilla pneumoniae, Shigella dysentriae and Shigella flexnei
. The zone of inhibition in mm at concentration 100 μg/mL was determined using the cup-plate method.
39
40
Standard antibacterial agents such as Streptomycin and Neomycin were also screened under similar conditions for comparison and the results are presented in
1
. The antibacterial screening data of the compounds 2-[5-(substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol- 2-yl]-benzoxazoles
4a–g
showed that the compounds
4b, 4c, 4d, 4e
and
4f
were highly active against the entire organism employed. Compound
4c
is highly active against all the test organisms employed and the zone of inhibition is more than the standard drug Neomycin, and almost equal to the standard drug Streptomycin. The other compounds showed moderate to good activity against these organisms employed. All the compounds displayed significant activity against
E. coli
(
1
).
Antibacterial activity of 2-[5-(Substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4] oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazoles (4a–g) (Zone of Inhibition in mm at 100 μg/mL)
Note:< 16 mm, inactive; 17–20 mm, moderately active; 20–27 mm, highly active.
Antifungal activity of 2-[5-(Substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4] oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazoles (4a–g) (Zone of Inhibition in mm at 500μg/mL)
Note:< 16 mm, inactive; 17–20 mm, moderately active; 20–27 mm, highly active.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
The compounds 2-[5-(substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol- 2-yl]-benzoxazoles
4a–g
were also screened for their antifungal activity against
Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus oryzae
at concentration of 500 μg/mL using cup-plate method.
41
The antifungal activity of the compounds was compared with the standard drug Griseofulvin. The zones of inhibition formed were measured in mm and are given in
2
. The antifungal screening data of the compounds
4a
–
g
showed that, the compounds
4d
(2-methyl phenyl moiety) and
4f
(4- bromo phenyl moiety) are showing significant activity. Compound
4d
is highly active against
A. niger, C. albicans and A. flavus
. The other compounds showed moderate to good activity against these organisms (
2
).
NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY
All the newly synthesized compounds
4a–g
in this study was assayed for their nematicidal activity against
Ditylenchus myceliophagus and Caenorhabditis elegans
by aqueous
in vitro
screening technique,
42
at various concentrations. For the nematicidal assay the
D. myceliophagus
was extracted from the cultivated mushrooms (
Agaricus bisporus
) infected with the nematode. The
C. elegans
was grown on 10 cm 8P plates on a
E. coli
NA22 bacteria diet, which grow in a very thick layer and constitute an abundant food source for large quantities on nematode. The nematode water suspension was collected in petri dishes. Suspension of adult worms from five day old culture was diluted with approximately 100 to 250 nematodes/mL of water, 100 μL of the nematode suspension was introduced into a solution of each test compound at various concentrations in a well of 24-well plates and incubated at 25 ℃. The results have been expressed in terms of LD
50
i.e. median lethal dose at which 50% nematodes became immobile (dead), and compared with the standard drug Levamisole.
Median lethal Dose (LD50, ppm) of 2-[5-(Substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazoles (4a–g)
Dm=D. myceliophagus; Ce = C. elegans
The screened data reveal that,
4e
is the most effective against
D. myceliophagus
and
C. elegans
with LD
50
of 170 and 190 ppm, respectively. The compounds
4f
and
4g
are also most active against
C. elegans
with LD
50
of 200 ppm and
D. myceliophagus
with LD
50
of 190 ppm, respectively. The activity of
4e
is almost equal to the activity of the standard Levamisole. The other tested compounds showed moderate activity (
3
).
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a series of novel 2-[5-(substituted phenyl)-[ 1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzoxazoles
4a
–
g
have been designed and synthesized. The antimicrobial and nematicidal activity of these compounds was evaluated against various bacteria, fungi and nematodes. Among the synthesized compounds, almost all compounds showed good activity against bacteria, fungi and nematodes and emerged as potential molecules for further development.
Acknowledgements
The publication cost of this paper was supported by the Korean Chemical Society.
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