Acetobacter sp. strains were isolated from traditional vinegar collected in Daegu city and Gyeongbuk province. The strain KJY8 showing a high acetic acid productivity was isolated and characterized by phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic inference based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed the isolate to be a strain of Acetobacter pomorum . The isolate showed a G+C content of 60.8 mol%. It contained ʟʟ-diaminopimelic acid (ʟʟ-A ₂ pm) as the cell wall amino acid and ubiquinone Q ₉ (H6) as the major quinone. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C _18:1 w9c, w12t, and w7c. Strain KJY8 grew rapidly on glucose-yeast extract (GYC) agar and formed pale white colonies with smooth to rough surfaces. The optimum cultivation conditions for acetic acid production by the KJY8 strain were 20℃ and pH 3.0, with an initial ethanol concentration of 9% (w/v) to produce an acetic acid concentration of 8% (w/v). Acetic acid bacteria are involved in food spoilage and in indigenous fermentations, where they produce vinegar from alcohol-containing liquids such as wine and beer [2] . In general, they are characterized by their ability to oxidize ethanol to acetic acid and by their resistance to acetic acid and ethanol. Modern acetic acid fermentations are performed in submerged processes, which can achieve final acetic acid concentrations of up to 20% [13] . However, the microbiology of vinegar fermentation is not adequately understood, in particular the taxonomic position of the organisms involved, their responses to ecological factors, and their physiology and genetics [12] . Acetic acid bacteria are Gram-negative, strict aerobic bacteria consisting of four genera: Acetobacter , Acidomonas , Gluconobacter , and Gluconacetobacter [5] . The classification of acetic acid bacteria is still a subject of controversy: Sokollek et al. [13] described Acetobacter oboediens LTH 2460 ^T and Acetobacter pomorum LTH 2458 ^T ; Boesch et al. [3] described Acetobacter intermedius TF2 ^T . In addition, the type strains of 19 other species are also located in the cluster of the genus Acetobacter , including A. aceti, A. hansenii, A. pasteurianus [21] , A. xylinus [18] , A. oboediens , and A. pomorum [13] . Previously, a method for starter preparation was described [12] and the applicability of this approach to cultivate and preserve various isolates from industrial vinegar fermentations was reported [13] . In this study, we isolated an Acetobacter , from vinegar samples collected in Daegu city and Gyeongbuk province, capable of producing acetic acid with high productivity. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of the isolate KJY8, identified as A. pomorum , were investigated, and a phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the nucleotide sequences of its 16S rRNA genes. In addition, the optimal cultivation conditions for acetic acid production were studied. Farm-made vinegar samples were collected in Daegu city and Gyeongbuk province and were plated on GYC agar (5% glucose, 1% yeast extract, 0.5% CaCO ₃ , and 2% agar) according to De Ley et al. [5 , 24] . Bacterial strains that formed a clear halo around the colonies were isolated at 30℃. For liquid culture, the isolated strains were cultivated at 30℃ on a horizontal shaker at 150 rpm. The initial medium acidity (pH) was adjusted to a desired level using 2N HCl. The chromosomal DNA was prepared according to the method of Stackebrandt and Liesack [14] , and the G+C content was determined using the method of Tamaoka and Komagata [17] . Two primers, 9F (5’-GAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’) and 1542R (5’-AGAAAGGAGGTGATCCAGCC-3’), were used for amplification of the 16S rRNA gene [22] , and the amplified product was purified, sequenced, and aligned with 16S rRNA sequences of Acetobacter species and other related strains using Clustal W software [19] . A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method [9] . The GenBank accession number for the 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence of strain KJY8 is AB569643. The morphology of the cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The A. pomorum KJY8 grown in GYC medium was incubated in 4% glutaraldehyde at room temperature for 2 h, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, and immersed in isoamyl acetate for 20 min [6] . SEM was accomplished using an Ultra High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (Hitachi, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 5.0 kV. The morphological properties of strain KJY8 were also determined according to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology [5] . The gram staining was performed using a Gram-color kit (Merck Chemicals, Germany). To observe the motility, the hanging-drop technique was used [20] . The ketogenesis-forming glycerol, growth on glutamate agar, and assimilation of ammoniacal nitrogen were investigated based on the methods described by Asai et al. [1] . The utilization of various substrates as carbon source was tested as described by Shirling and Gottlieb [11] . The acid production from D-glucose, D-sorbitol, and D-mannose was determined as described by Takeuchi and Hatano [15] . An API 20E kit (bioMérieux, France) was used to examine the catalase, oxidase, citrate, lactose, arginine, and nitrate liquefaction. The whole-cell fatty acids were extracted and analyzed according to the instructions suggested by Microbial Identification System (MIDI Inc., USA). After extraction, the ubiquinones were isolated according to the method described by Yamada and Kondo [23] , and identified using the methods described by Tamaoka et al. [16] . Effects of temperature and pH on the growth and acetic acid production by strain KJY8 were examined in a GYC broth for 7 days at 30℃. The ethanol content, temperature, and pH were varied during the cultivation of strain KJY8 in liquid GYC medium. The concentration of acetic acid was determined by titratable acidity [4] . Acetic-acid-producing bacteria were isolated from traditional vinegar manufactured in Daegu city and Gyeongbuk province. Several hundred colonies were grown on a selective plate. Ten strains that generated a large, clear halo were selected as acetic-acid-producing bacteria. A prominent strain (KJY8) was selected based on the size of the clear halo formed on the GYC plate ( Table 1 ). Compared with the control strain A. pomorum KCTC 22319, the KJY8 strain was superior in the production of acetic acid as determined by the size of the clear halo produced around the colonies. The complete sequence of the 16S rRNA gene was determined for the isolated KJY8 strain. Fig. 1 shows the phylogenetic tree derived from the 16S rRNA sequences of 19 type strains of Acetobacter species and other members in the family Acetobacteraceae . The phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain KJY8 is a member of the genus Acetobacter , and most closely related to A. pomorum LHT 2458 ^T , which exhibited the highest similarity in 16S rRNA sequence (99.7%) to KJY8. However, the phylogenetic analysis also gave us the idea that A. pomorum LHT 2458 ^T might be transferred to A. pasteurianus LMG 1262 ^T , as it oxidizes acetate and lactate, has Q ₉ as its major ubiquinone, and exhibits a high level of 16S rRNA sequence similarity with the type strain of A. pasteurianus LMG 1262 ^T [13] . Based on our results, strain KJY8 is distinct from G. oxydans DSM 3503 ^T , A. syzygii 9H-2 ^T , A. aceti NCIMB 8621 ^T , and A. indonesiensis NRIC 0313 ^T . Strain KJY8 was Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, and non-motile. The cells were comprised of rods ( Table 2 , Fig. 2 ) in GYC medium at 30℃ and occurred singly, in pairs, or occasionally in short chains. After incubation on GYC medium for 7 days, the colonies were pale white, smooth to rough, and convex to flat ( Table 2 ). Among the various compounds usable as carbon and energy sources, strain KJY8 utilized ethanol, D-glucose, D-mannitol, and D-fructose. Acetic acid was produced from all substrates tested (D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-sorbitol). A negative reaction was recorded for glycerol, sorbitol, methanol, n -propanol, meso -xylitol, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, and L-lysine. In GYC broth, the strain grew at temperatures ranging from 20℃ to 35℃, at an optimum pH of 3.0. The KJY8 strain oxidized acetate and lactate into CO ₂ and H ₂ O. However, the oxidase test was positive and nitrate was not reduced to nitrite. Strain KJY8 had a 60.8 mol% G+C content, as determined by HPLC. The genomic DNA G+C content of other strains from the genus Acetobacter is 53-63 mol%. All these characteristics suggest that strain KJY8 is very similar to A. pomorum LHT 2458 ^T [13] ( Table 3 ). Strain KJY8 contained a dehydrogenated ubiquinone, with Q ₉ as the major quinone. The ubiquinone profile of KJY8 was similar to that of A. pasteurianus LMG 1262 ^T and A. pomorum LHT 2458 ^T [13] as regards the isoprenoid composition. Strain KJY8 contained summed feature 7 (66.49%, C _18:1 w9c, w12t, w7c), C _16:0 , C _16:0 2OH, and C _14:0 2OH as the major cellular fatty acids, with small amounts of C _16:0 3OH, C _14:0 , C _18:0 , C _20:3 w6, 9, 12c, C _19:0 cyclo w8c, and summed feature 3 ( iso -C _16:1 and/or C _14:0 3OH). The effects of temperature, pH, and ethanol concentration on the production of acetic acid by A. pomorum KJY8 were examined in shake flask cultivations ( Fig. 3 ). As shown in Figs. 3 A and 3 B, the growth temperature and pH of the medium did not profoundly influence the acetic acid production with a given initial ethanol concentration of 8%. With the exception of medium acidity of pH 2.0, the maximum acetic acid concentration of approximately 6% was obtained after 6 days of cultivation, regardless of the temperature or pH at constant initial ethanol concentration. The production of acetic acid was enhanced by increasing the initial ethanol concentration ( Fig. 3 C). The maximum acetic acid concentration of 8% was achieved with an initial ethanol concentration of 9%, corresponding to a productivity of 0.13 ± 0.01 (g acetic acid produced/l·day). Yield of acetic acid achieved by strain KJY8 might be comparable with the previous report [10] in which an approximate acetic acid yield of 62% was obtained from optimized rice vinegar fermentation. In conclusion, this is the first study characterizing a new A. pomorum strain isolated from Korean traditional vinegar. Further research into the medium and operation optimization for scale-up cultivation is now under way in order to utilize this prominent acetobacter.