Micronesia is an island nation located north of Papua New Guinea in the Pacific Ocean. A survey was executed on Kosrae, which is one of the four main islands of Micronesia, during January 23-30, 2011 and January 8-15, 2012. The echinoderms were collected at eight intertidal areas and at 12 SCUBA diving points at depths of 10-50 m in the subtidal zone. They were identified based on morphological characteristics. In total, 50 species from 276 individuals were identified: three crinoids, 11 asteroids, seven ophiuroids, 10 echinoids, and 19 holothuroids. Among them, two crinoids, five asteroids, three ophiuroids, four echinoids and two holothuroids were newly recorded from Kosrae.
INTRODUCTION
Kosrae is one of four states in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) that stretch 1,800 miles across the North Pacific Ocean and comprise 607 small islands. Kosrae is called “the sleeping lady” because of it shape. It is one of the most picturesque mountains located about 5° north of the equator and is the most eastern island in the FSM (Edward, 2002). The coral reefs surrounding the island are kept in pristine condition through an extensive mooring buoy system that was installed and is maintained by concerned expat dive operators with the help of the government Marine Resources office. Specific information on the echinoderm fauna of Micronesia is included in the reports of Kerr (1994) and Kerr et al. (2007, 2008). The Yap of Micronesia was surveyed by Kerr et al. (2007), and a total of 66, including 16 unidentified species were collected from 19 different sites five crinoids (four unidentified), 14 asteroids (two unidentified), 14 echinoids (three unidentified), and 33 holothuroids (seven unidentified). Kerr (1994) and Kerr et al. (2007) investigated the echinoderm fauna of Kosrae. Kerr (1994) reported 28 holothuroids collected at nine sites, and Kerr et al. (2007) reported 74 species collected at 21 sites, which included 20 unidentified species: four crinoids (three unidentified), 11 asteroids (two unidentified), 11 ophiuroids (seven unidentified), eight echinoids (three unidentified), and 40 holothuroids (five unidentified). We surveyed eight intertidal sites and 12 SCUBA diving points around Kosrae for echinoderm fauna and assembled a checklist of echinoderms for this island.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We collected samples at 20 Kosrae sites during January 24- 28, 2011 and January 9-13, 2012 (
Fig. 1
), and the GPS coordinates of each site were recorded (
Table 1
). Most intertidal zones were coral sand and rocky regions, and six subtidal zones were investigated by SCUBA diving. All collected specimens were preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol and were identified based on their morphological characters. The important morphological characters were photographed by digital camera, stereo- and light-microscopes (Nikon D7000, Nikon SMZ1000, Nikon Eclipse 80i; Nikon Co., Tokyo, Japan specimens were identified based mainly on Clark and Rowe (1971) and Rowe and Doty (1977).
RESULTS
The specimens collected for the Kosrae faunistic study were
A map showing the Kosrae collection sites.
Geological information for the collection sites around Kosrae
Geological information for the collection sites around Kosrae
identified as 62 species in 50 genera: three crinoids (sea lily), 11 asteroids (sea star), seven ophiuroids (brittle star), nine echinoids (sea urchin), and 20 holothuroids (sea cucumber). Of these, 16 echinoderms including two crinoids (
Oxycomanthus bennetti
and
Phanogenia gracilis
), five asteroids (
Archaster typicus
,
Aquilonastra burtonii
,
Echinaster luzonicus
,
Fromia nodosa
and
Ophidiaster granifer
), three ophiuroids (
Ophiactis savignyi
,
Ophioconis permixta
, and
Ophiomastix caryophyllata
), four echinoids (
Diadema savignyi
,
Echinothrix calamaris
,
Echinometra mathaei
, and
Parasalenia gratiosa
) and two holothuroids (
Labidodemas rugosum
and
Opheodesoma clarki
), which are marked with asterisks (*) in the following list, were newly recorded on Kosrae and were described with brief remarks.
-
Phylum Echinodermata Klein, 1734
-
Subphylum Crinozoa Matsumoto, 1929
-
Class Crinoidea Müller, 1821
-
Order Comatulida A.H. Clark, 1908
-
Family Comasteridae A.H. Clark, 1908
-
Subfamily Comasterinae A.H. Clark, 1909
-
GenusComasterL. Agassiz, 1836
-
1.Comaster schlegelii(Carpenter, 1881)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Malem diving 1, 24 Jan 2011; 2 specimens, Tafunsak diving 2, 26 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Utwa diving 3, 10 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Palau, Guam, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, Bengal Bay.
-
GenusOxycomanthusRowe, Hoggett, Birtles and Vail, 1986
-
*2.Oxycomanthus bennetti(Müller, 1841)
Alecto bennetti
Müller, 1841: 187.
Cenolia bennetti
HL Clark, 1946: 36.
Oxycomanthus bennetti
: Rowe and Gates, 1995: 149; Messing, 2012: 246787.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Malem diving 1, 24 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Utwa diving 3, 10 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Palau, Guam, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, Bengal Bay.
Remarks.
This species has various body colors (Messing, 2007). Brachials are brown and some terminal parts are white. Pinnules have black basal parts and yellowish tips.
-
Subfamily Phanogeniinae White and Messing, 2001
-
GenusPhanogeniaLovén, 1866
-
*3.Phanogenia gracilis(Hartlaub, 1890)
Actinometra gracilis
Hartlaub, 1890: 170; AH Clark, 1908a: 684; 1912: 38.
Comaster gracilis
AH Clark, 1908a: 686; 1912: 38; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 6.
Phanogenia gracilis
AH Clark, 1908b: 124; 1909: 392; Messing, 2012: 246804.
Phanogenia minima
AH Clark, 1909: 392.
Comaster minima
AH Clark, 1912: 89; 1921: 706; Rowe and Gates, 1995: 146.
Comaster minimus
AH Clark, 1926: 184.
Material examined.
2 specimens, Malem diving 1, 24 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 1, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Utwa diving 3, 10 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern China, Philippines, Palau, Guam, Indo-West Pacific.
Remarks.
Messing (2007) described two forms of
P. gracilis
that occurred at Palau: 1) numerous (up to 120) and short (usually <12 cm) arms, 2) fewer (usually <60) and long (up to 25 cm) arms. Our specimens corresponded to the latter type and the body color is brown.
-
Subphylum Asterozoa von Zittel, 1895
-
Class Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830
-
Order Valvatida Perrier, 1884
-
Family Acanthasteridae Sladen, 1889
-
GenusAcanthasterGervais, 1841
-
4.Acanthaster planci(Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Malem diving 1, 24 Jan 2011.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), Guam, Palau, New Zealand (Kermadec Islands), Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Mauritius, Madagascar), Red Sea.
-
Family Archasteridae Viguier, 1878
-
GenusArchasterMüller and Troschel, 1840
-
*5.Archaster typicusMüller and Troschel, 1840 (Fig. 2A)
Archaster typicus
Müller and Troschel, 1840: 104; HL Clark, 1946: 79; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 47; Rowe and Gates, 1995: 25; Mah, 2012: 213119.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Palau, Guam, West Caroline Islands, South Pacific, Hawaii, northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, Bengal Bay, West Indian Ocean.
Remarks.
This is the most known species of the genus
Archaster
and is widely distributed in tropical regions of West Pacific and Indo-West Pacific (Clark, 1946; Clark and Rowe, 1971). This specimen was slightly burrowed into the coral sand and was collected in the intertidal zone at night.
-
Family Asterinidae Gray, 1840
-
GenusAquilonastraO’Loughlin, 2004
-
*6.Aquilonastra burtonii(Gray, 1840) (Fig. 3A, D, G-I)
Asterina burtonii
Gray, 1840: 289; AM Clark, 1952: 207.
Some echinoderms collected around Kosrae. A, Archaster typicus; B, Linckia laevigata; C, L. multifora; D, Ophiactis savignyi; E, Ophiocoma erinaceus; F, O. scolopendrina; G, Echinothrix clamaris; H, Echinothrix diadema; I, Parasalenia gratiosa; J, Echinometra mathaei; K, Tripneustes gratilla; L, Euapta godeffroyi; M, Bohadschia argus; N, Holothuria (Halodeima) atra; O, Stichopus chloronotus.
Aquilonastra burtonii (A, D, G-I), Ophidiaster granifer (B, E, J-L), and Fromia nodosa (C, F, M-O). A-C, Dosal side; D-F, Ventral side; G, H, J, K, M, N, Oral part and ventral side of arm; I, Dorsal side of arm; L, O, Madreporite. Scale bars: A, D=0.5 cm, B, C, E, F=1 cm, G-I, L-O=1 mm, J, K=2 mm.
Asterina burtoni
: AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 68.
Asterina wega
Perrier, 1869: 102.
Aquilonastra burtoni
O’Loughlin and Waters, 2004: 11; Mah, 2012: 459524.
Aquilonastra burtonii
O’Loughlin and Rowe, 2006: 268.
Material examined.
2 specimens, Malem diving 1, 24 Jan 2011.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Philippines, South Pacific, Hawaii, northern Australia, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, eastern Africa, Red Sea, eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Remarks.
Body color is quite diverse: greenish gray, pale gray, brown, mottled brown, orange, red, and mottled red (O’Loughlin and Rowe, 2006). The body color of our specimen is greenish gray.
-
Family Ophidiasteridae Verrill, 1870
-
GenusLinckiaNardo, 1834
-
7.Linckia guildingiGray, 1840
Material examined.
1 specimen, Walung diving, 11 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern China, Guam, Indo-West Pacific, Africa, Caribbean Sea, Central America, Gulf of Mexico.
-
8.Linckia laevigata(Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 2B)
Material examined.
12 specimens, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 1, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012; 6 specimens, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 4, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), Korea (Jeju Island), Japan, southern China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Guam, Hawaii, Australia, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Mauritius, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania), Red Sea.
-
9.Linckia multifora(Lamarck, 1816) (Fig. 2C)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Utwa diving 4, 11 Jan 2012; 2 specimens, Malem diving 2, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern China, Guam, Australia, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Madagascar), Red Sea.
-
GenusOphidiasterL. Agassiz, 1836
*10. Ophidiaster granifer Lütken, 1871 (Fig. 3B, E, J-L)
-
Ophidiaster graniferLütken, 1871: 276; HL Clark, 1921: 81; 1946: 121; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 60; Rowe and Gates, 1995: 91; Mah, 2012: 212302.
Ophidiaster trychnus
Fisher, 1913: 215.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Palau, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, Red Sea.
Remarks.
This species was collected under a coral rock. Dorsal side body color of is brown with irregular formed dark brown patches. Body size: R=3 cm, r=0.7 cm, R=4.3 r.
-
Family Goniasteridae Forbes, 1841
-
GenusFromiaGray, 1840
-
*11.Fromia nodosaA.M. Clark, 1967 (Fig. 2D,3C, F, M-O)
Fromia nodosa
AM Clark, 1967b: 189; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 62; Mah, 2012: 213300.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Utwa diving 4, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), Sri Lanka (Ceylon), West Indian Ocean (Amirante Island, Maldive Island), eastern Africa (Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles).
Remarks.
This species was reported at the West Indian Ocean and eastern Africa (Clark, 1967b; Clark and Rowe, 1971) and this is the first reported from the Pacific Ocean. Body color is red, and the ventral part is white. Body size: R=2.6 cm, r=0.7 cm, R=3.7 r.
-
Family Oreasteridae Fisher, 1911
-
GenusChoriasterLütken, 1869
-
12.Choriaster granulatusLütken, 1869
Material examined.
2 specimens, Malem diving 1, 24 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 2, 26 Jan 2011.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Guam, Palau, New Caledonia, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa, Red Sea.
-
GenusCulcita(L. Agassiz, 1836)
-
13.Culcita novaeguineaeMüller and Troschel, 1842
Material examined.
1 specimen, Utwa diving 4, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Guam, Palau, Marshall Islands, Hawaii, northern Australia, Bengal Bay, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Madagascar, Mozambique).
-
Order Spinulosida Perrier, 1884
-
Family Echinasteridae Verrill, 1867
-
GenusEchinasterMüller and Troschel, 1840
-
*14.Echinaster luzonicus(Gray, 1840) (Fig. 4A-C)
Othilia luzonicus
Gray, 1840: 282.
Echinaster luzonicus
Müller and Troschel, 1842: 23; HL Clark, 1921: 98; 1946: 147; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 72; Rowe and Gates, 1995: 59; Mah, 2012: 367951.
Echinaster eridanella
Müller and Troschel, 1842: 24; HL Clark, 1916: 62.
Material examined.
2 specimens, Malem diving 1, 24 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 2, 26 Jan 2011.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Guam, Palau, South Pacific, northern Australia, New Caledonia.
Remarks.
This species has five or six arms and rarely seven (Clark and Rowe, 1971). Our specimens have six arms. Body color of disk and basal side of arms is light orange and the terminal part of the arm is red.
-
Class Ophiuroidea Gray, 1840
-
Order Ophiurida Müller and Troschel, 1840
-
Infraorder Gnathophiurina Matsumoto, 1915
-
Family Ophiactidae Matsumoto, 1915
-
GenusOphiactisLütken, 1856
-
*15.Ophiactis savignyi(Müller and Troschel, 1842) (Figs. 2D,4D-F, I)
Ophiolepis savignyi
Müller and Troschel, 1842: 95.
Ophiactis krebsii
Lütken, 1856: 12; Ljungman, 1867: 323; 1872: 627; Duncan, 1879: 465.
Ophiolepis sexradia
Grube, 1857: 343.
Ophiactis reinhardti
Lütken, 1859, Pl. 3, fig. 7a, b.
Ophiactis sixradia
: Lyman, 1865: 115; Koehler, 1898: 72.Ophiactis sixradia: Lyman, 1865: 115; Koehler, 1898: 72.
Ophiactis savignyi
: Ljungman, 1867: 323; HL Clark, 1915: 265; 1921: 108; Koehler, 1922: 164; Mortensen, 1933: 442; AH Clark, 1939: 3; Mortensen, 1940: 70; HL Clark, 1946: 210; AH Clark, 1949: 31; AM Clark, 1967a: 47; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 103; Pawson, 1978: 11; Shin and Rho, 1996: 411; Shin, 2012: 73; Stöhr and O’Hara, 2012: 125122.
Ophiactis maculosa
von Martens, 1870: 248.
Ophiactis conferta
Koehler, 1905: 25.
Ophiactis quadrispina
HL Clark, 1915: 264.
Ophiactis versicolor
HL Clark, 1939: 81.
Material examined.
11 specimens, Malem diving 1, 24 Jan 2011; 17 specimens, Tafunsak diving 1, 25 Jan 2011; 9 specimens, Tafunsak diving 2, 26 Jan 2011; 2 specimens, Utwa diving 2, 9 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Walung diving, 11 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Utwa diving 5, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), Korea (Korea Strait, Jeju Island), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China, Philippines, Guam, northern Australia, Singapore, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar), Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean.
Remarks.
This is a cosmopolitan species that usually inhabits the inner cavity of sponges. It was collected with sponges by SCUBA diving on Kosrae. Body color is light brown or greenish gray. Arms are usually six and rarely five.
-
Family Ophicomidae Ljungman, 1867
-
GenusOphiocomaL. Agassiz, 1835
-
16.Ophiocoma erinaceusMüller and Troschel, 1842 (Fig. 2E)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Utwa intertidal, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa, Red Sea.
-
17.Ophiocoma scolopendrina(Lamarck, 1816) (Fig. 2F)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 10 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 1, 26 Jan 2011; 7 specimens, Tafunsak diving 2, 26 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 2, 9 Jan 2012; 3 specimens, Utwa intertidal, 11 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012; 2 specimens, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern China, Guam, Saipan, Solomon Islands, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Mauritius, Madagascar), South Africa, Red Sea.
-
GenusOphiomastixMüller and Troschel, 1842
-
*18.Ophiomastix caryophyllataLütken, 1869 (Fig. 4G, H, K, L)
Ophiomastix caryophyllata
Lütken, 1869: 43; HL Clark, 1946: 249; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 91; Lane et al., 2000: 482; Stöhr and O’Hara, 2012: 212391.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 2, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Utwa diving 2, 9 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Utwa diving 3, 10 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan,
Echinaster luzonicus (A-C), Ophiactis savignyi (D-F, I), Ophiomastix caryophyllata (G, H, K, L), and Ophioconis pexmixta (J, M-O). A, D, G, J, Dorsal side; B, L, Dorsal side of arm; C, F, K, N, Oral part and ventral side of arm; E, H, M, Radial shields of disk and dorsal side arms; I, O, Arm spines. Scale bars: A, H=1 cm, B, C=2 mm, D, J=5 mm, E, F, I, K-M=1 mm, G=2 cm, N, O=0.5 mm.
southern China, Guam, northeastern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Madagascar), Red Sea.
Remarks.
These specimens were collected by SCUBA diving. Body is light cream color and has irregular formed black spots on the dorsal and ventral side of the disk. Arms are banded and are approximately equal width.
-
19.Ophiomastix mixtaLütken, 1869
Material examined.
2 specimens, Utwa diving 5, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Korea (Jeju Island), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Guam, South Pacific, Australia, Indonesia (Ambon Island).
Remarks.
This species is a common and abundant ophiuroid in the Indo-West Pacific, and at the subtidal zone of Jeju Island, Korea (Shin, 2012). Only two individuals were collected by SCUBA diving in Kosrae.
-
Family Ophiotrichidae Ljungman, 1867
-
GenusOphiothrixMüller and Troschel, 1840
-
20.Ophiothrix(Acanthophiothrix)purpureavon Martens, 1867
Material examined.
3 specimens, Malem diving 1, 24 Jan 2011.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern China, Guam, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Madagascar, Tanzania), Red Sea.
-
Infraorder Ophiodermatina Smith, Paterson and Lafay, 1995
-
Family Ophiodermatidae Ljungman, 1867
-
GenusOphioconisLütken, 1869
-
*21.Ophioconis permixtaKoehler, 1905 (Fig. 4J, M-O)
Ophioconis permixta
Koehler, 1905: 14; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 127; Stöhr and O’Hara, 2012: 238160.
Material examined.
2 specimens, Utwa diving 3, 10 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Indonesia (Wowoni Island, Kai Island), East India Ocean, eastern Africa.
Remarks.
Morphological characters of our specimens corresponded to the description of AM Clark and Rowe (1971). Body size: R=5 mm, r=62 mm, R=12.4 r.
-
Subphylum Echinozoa
-
Class Echinoidea Leske, 1778
-
Order Diadematoida Duncan, 1889
-
Family Diadematidae Gray, 1855
-
GenusDiademaGray, 1825
-
*22.Diadema savignyi(Audouin, 1829)
Diadema savignyi
: Michelin, 1845: 15; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 153; Rowe and Gates, 1995: 207; Kroh and Mooi, 2012: 213375.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), south Japan, south China, Philippines, Guam, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, West Indian Ocean, southeastern Arabia, eastern Africa (Kenya, Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles).
Remarks.
This specimen was collected from the intertidal zone at night. Primary spines are very long and body color is black.
-
23.Diadema setosum(Leske, 1778)
Material examined.
2 specimens, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 2, 26 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 3, 27 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 2, 9 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Korea (Jeju Island), Japan (Sagami bay-Bonin Islands), southern China, Taiwan, Indo- West Pacific.
-
GenusEchinothrixPeters, 1853
-
*24.Echinothrix calamaris(Pallas, 1774) (Figs. 2G,5A, D, G-I)
Echinus calamaris
Pallas, 1774: 31, Pl. 2.
Echinothrix calamaris
A Agassiz, 1873: 413; HL Clark, 1921: 146; Koehler, 1927: 47; HL Clark, 1932: 213; 1946: 300; AM Clark, 1967a: 51; Rowe and Gates, 1995: 208; Kroh and Mooi, 2012: 213377.
Echinothrix desorii
A Agassiz, 1873: 451.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Hawaii, Solomon Islands, northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa, Red Sea.
Remarks.
The specimen, whose spines were moving smoothly, was collected from a wide horizontal coral rocky area of the intertidal zone at night. The primary spines on the dorsal side are white. Size is rather large and diameter of the test is about 9.7 cm.
Echinothrix calamaris (A, D, G-I), Paraselina gratiosa (B, E, J-M), and Echinometra mathaei (C, F, N-R). A-C, Dorsal side; D-F, Ventral side; G, K, O, Valve of tridentate pedicellaria; H, Q, Valve of tryphyllous pedicellaria; I, M, R, Spicules of tubefeet; J, N, Valves of globiferous pedicellaria; L, P, Valve of ophiocephalous pedicellaria. Scale bars: A, D=4.5 cm, B, C, E, F=2 cm, G, J, K=300 μm, H, L, O=100 μm, I, N, P-R=50 μm, M=10 μm.
-
25.Echinothrix diadema(Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 2H)
Material examined.
2 specimens, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 2, 9 Jan 2012; 2 specimens, Malem intertidal, 10 Jan 2012; 4 specimens, Utwa intertidal, 11 Jan 2012; 2 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 4, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa, Red Sea.
-
Order Camarodonta Jackson, 1912
-
Family Parasaleniidae Mortensen, 1903
-
GenusParasaleniaA. Agassiz, 1863
-
*26.Parasalenia gratiosaA. Agassiz, 1863 (Figs. 2I,5B, E, J-M)
Parasalenia gratiosa
A Agassiz, 1863: 22; HL Clark, 1912: 369; 1925: 141; 1946: 331; Mortensen, 1948: 49; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 157; Kerr et al., 1992: 204; Rowe and Gates, 1995: 233; Kroh and Mooi, 2012: 212438.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 2, 26 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Utwa diving 5, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern China, Guam, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique), Red Sea.
Remarks.
This species was collected at blue holes by SCUBA diving. Body color is nearly black but primary spine has white ring at its base.
-
Family Echinometridae Gray, 1855
-
GenusEchinostrephusA. Agassiz, 1863
-
27.Echinostrephus aciculatusA. Agassiz, 1863
Material examined.
4 specimens, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 2, 9 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Taiwan, East Australia, Indo-West Pacific.
-
GenusEchinometraGray, 1825
-
*28.Echinometra mathaei(Blainville, 1825) (Figs. 2J,5C, F, N-R)
Echinus mathai
Blainville, 1825: 94.
Echinometra mathaei
Blainville, 1834: 225; Mortensen, 1903: 128; A Agassiz and HL Clark, 1907: 241; HL Clark, 1908: 303; 1912: 372; Mortensen, 1940: 103; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 157; Rowe and Gates, 1995: 211; Kroh and Mooi, 2012: 213383.
Echinometra heteropora
L Agassiz and Desor, 1846: 372.
Echinometra microtuberculata
A Agassiz, 1863: 22.
Echinometra picta
A Agassiz and HL Clark, 1907: 241; HL Clark, 1912: 373.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 2, 9 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Malem intertidal, 10 Jan 2012.
Remarks.
This species is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific and South Pacific (Clark and Rowe, 1971; Rowe and Gates, 1995). Specimens of about 4 cm were collected under coral rocks at the intertidal zone. Tubefeet spicules are C-shaped and rarely a tridentate form with hooked tips.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), Korea (Jeju Island), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Guam, Solomon Islands, Hawaii, North Australia, Indo-West Pacific, Red Sea, eastern Africa.
-
Family Toxopneustidae Troschel, 1872
-
GenusTripneustesL. Agassiz, 1841
-
29.Tripneustes gratilla(Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 2K)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 4, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), Korea (Jeju Island), Japan (Sagami Bay, Boso Peninsula), southern China, Guam, Indo-West Pacific, southeastern Africa.
-
Order Clypeasteroida L. Agassiz, 1835
-
Family Clypeasteridae L. Agassiz, 1835
-
GenusClypeasterLamarck, 1801
-
30.Clypeaster reticulatus(Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined.
3 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Hawaii, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, West Indian Ocean, eastern Africa.
-
Class Holothuroidea de Blainville, 1834
-
Order Apodida Brandt, 1835
-
Family Synaptidae Burmeister, 1837
-
GenusEuaptaÖstergren, 1898
-
31.Euapta godeffroyi(Semper, 1868) (Fig. 2L)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 2 specimens, Utwa diving 3, 10 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Guam, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Mauritius, Madagascar), Red Sea.
-
GenusOpheodesomaFisher, 1907
-
*32.Opheodesoma clarkiHeding, 1928 (Fig. 6D-K)
Opheodesoma clarki
: AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 184; Paulay, 2012: 241948.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Philippines.
Remarks.
Body color of dorsal side is dark reddish brown and ventral side is light brown.
-
GenusSynaptaEschscholtz, 1829
-
33.Synapta maculata(Chamisso and Eysenhardt, 1821)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 3 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 2, 9 Jan 2012; 3 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012; 4 specimens, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012; 3 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 4, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), Guam, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Kenya, Madagascar), Red Sea.
-
Order Aspidochirotida Grube, 1840
-
Family Holothuriidae Ludwig, 1894
-
GenusActinopygaBronn, 1860
-
34.Actinopyga mauritiana(Quoy and Gaimard, 1834)
Material examined.
2 specimens, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Australia, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Mauritius), Red Sea.
-
35.Actinopyga palauensisPanning, 1944
Material examined.
3 specimens, Utwa intertidal, 11 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Palau, New Caledonia.
-
GenusBohadschiaJaeger, 1833
-
36.Bohadschia argusJaeger, 1833 (Fig. 2M)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 2, 26 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Walung diving, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Guam, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indonesia, Bengal Bay.
-
37.Bohadschia bivittata(Mitsukuri, 1912)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 3, 27 Jan 2011; 2 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Philippines, Caroline Islands, West Central Pacific.
-
38.Bohadschia marmorataJaeger, 1833
Material examined.
2 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 2, 9 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indo-West Pacific, Bengal Bay, eastern Africa, Red Sea.
-
GenusHolothuriaLinnaeus, 1767
-
39.Holothuria(Halodeima)atraJaeger, 1833 (Fig. 2N)
Material examined.
15 specimens, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 12 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 1, 26 Jan 2011; 3 specimens, Malem intertidal, 10 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Walung diving, 11 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012; 4 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 4, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern China, Guam, Indo-West Pacific, eastern Africa (Kenya, Mauritius, Madagascar, Mozambique), Red Sea.
-
40.Holothuria(Halodeima)edulisLesson, 1830 (Fig. 6A)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 1, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak diving 3, 27 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Walung diving, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Guam, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indonesia, Indo-West Pacific, Bengal Bay.
-
41.Holothuria(Mertensiothuria)hillaLesson, 1830
Material examined.
1 specimen, Utwa diving 3, 10 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Walung diving, 11 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Korea (Korea Strait, Jeju Island), southern Japan, Guam, Hawaii, Australia, Indo-West
Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis (A), H. (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (B), Stichopus horrens (C), Opheodesoma clarki (D-K), and Labidodemas rugosum (L-Q). A-F, L, Living status; F, Body; G, Tentacles; H, Anchor in body wall; I, Anchor plate in body wall; J, Rod in tentacle; K, Knobbed button in tentacle; M, Dorsal side; N, Ventral side; O, Tables in body wall; P, Lateral view of table in body wall; Q, Buttons in tubefeet. Scale bars: A-C, F, G=2 cm, D=10 cm, E, L=5 cm, H, I, Q=50 μm, J=20 μm, K=10 μm, M, N=5 mm, O=0.5 mm, P=250 μm.
Pacific, Africa (Zanzibar).
-
42.Holothuria(Mertensiothuria)leucospilota(Brandt, 1835) (Fig. 6B)
Material examined.
2 specimens, Malem intertidal, 10 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Utwa intertidal, 11 Jan 2012; 2 specimens, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012; 2 specimens, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 4, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern China, Guam, Indo-West Pacific, West Indian Ocean, eastern Africa (Madagascar), Red Sea.
-
43.Holothuria(Stauropora)pervicaxSelenka, 1867
Material examined.
1 specimen, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 2, 9 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Utwa intertidal, 12 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern China, Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indo- West Pacific, Indian Ocean, eastern Africa, Red Sea.
-
44.Holothuria(Thymiosycia)impatiens(Forskål, 1775)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Malem diving 2, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Guam, Indo-West Pacific, West Indian Ocean, Africa (Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Tanzania), Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Venezuela Sea.
-
GenusLabidodemasSelenka, 1867
-
*45.Labidodemas rugosum(Ludwig, 1875) (Fig. 6L-Q)
Holothuria rugosa
Ludwig, 1875: 110; HL Clark, 1946: 435; Domantay, 1954: 348.
Holothuria triremis
Sluiter, 1901: 19.
Labidodemas rugosum
: Rowe, 1969: 133; AM Clark and Rowe, 1971: 176; Sloan et al., 1979: 121; Cherbonnier, 1988: 53; Rowe and Gates, 1995: 304; Paulay, 2012: 210775.
Material examined.
1 specimen, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011.
Remarks.
This specimen was collected under coral rock. Body color is translucent white. Contracted body length in alcohol is 3 cm which is one-third of living body length.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern China, Philippines, Guam, Malaysia, Indo-West Pacific, Indian Ocean, eastern Africa (Kenya, Madagascar, Somalia).
-
GenusPearsonothuriaLevin in Levin, Kalinin and Stonik, 1984
-
46.Pearsonothuria graeffei(Semper, 1868)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Malem diving 1, 24 Jan 2011.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern China, Philippines, Guam, Indo-West Pacific, Africa (Comoros, Madagascar), Red Sea.
-
GenusStichopusBrandt, 1835
-
47.Stichopus chloronotusBrandt, 1835 (Fig. 2O)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 3, 11 Jan 2012; 4 specimens, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern China, Guam, Indo-West Pacific, West Indian Ocean, eastern Africa (Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique), Red Sea.
-
48.Stichopus herrmanniSemper, 1868
Material examined.
2 specimens, Tafunsak diving 2, 26 Jan 2011.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), southern China, Philippines.
-
49.Stichopus horrensSelenka, 1867 (Fig. 6C)
Material examined.
1 specimen, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 1 specimen, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae, Yap), southern Japan, southern China, Philippines, Hawaii, South Pacific, northern Australia, Indonesiam Indian Ocean (Maldive Island).
-
Order Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840
-
Family Sclerodactylidae Penning, 1902
-
GenusAfrocucumisDeichmann, 1944
-
50.Afrocucumis africana(Semper, 1867)
Material examined.
13 specimens, Lelu intertidal, 25 Jan 2011; 2 specimens, Malem intertidal, 10 Jan 2012; 2 specimens, Utwa intertidal, 11 Jan 2012; 2 specimens, Walung intertidal, 12 Jan 2012; 1 specimen, Tafunsak intertidal 4, 13 Jan 2012.
Distribution.
Micronesia (Kosrae), Korea (Jeju Island), Japan (Kyushu-Ryukyu Islands), southern China, Guam, northern Australia, Malaysia, Indo-West Pacific, West Indian Ocean, eastern Africa (Madagascar).
DISCUSSION
A faunistic study of echinoderms was performed at eight intertidal and 12 subtidal sites on Kosrae during January 24-28, 2011 and January 9-13, 2012 (
Table 1
,
Fig. 1
). In total, 276 specimens were collected and classified as 62 species: 50 species were identified based on morphological characteristics, and 12 were unidentified. Thirty-two echinoderm species, of which 28 species were identified, were collected in the intertidal zone. Thirty-five species were collected by SCUBA at the subtidal zone, and 27 were identified. The echinoderm fauna of the subtidal zone was more diverse than that of the intertidal zone. Seven echinoderms, including one asteroid (
L. laevigata
), one ophiuroid (
O. savignyi
), three echinoids (
D. setosum
,
E. mathaei
, and
T. gratilla
), and two holothuroids [
A. africana
and
H. (M.) hilla
] are distributed up to the Korea Strait and Jeju Island of Korea due to the warm Kuroshio Current. Holothuroids abundantly inhabited Kosrae, and
H.
(
H.
)
atra, H.
(
M.
)
leucospilota, A. mauritiana
, and
S. chloronotus
were particularly dominant species.
O. scolopendrina
was also a dominant ophiuroid and inhabited rock cracks at the wide rocky zone of station 5 (Utwa intertidal) (
Table 1
).
The echinoderm fauna of Kosrae was first reported by Kerr (1994) with regard to the Holothuroidea. Then, Kerr et al. (2008) surveyed 21 locations during 2 weeks (February 22- March 7, 2008) and reported 74 species including 20 unidentified species. We newly reported 16 echinoderms from Kosrae which were not reported by Kerr (1994) or Kerr et al. (2008). In addition, some unidentified species need to be identified for further verification, including four crinoids (
Comanthus
sp.,
Lamprometra
sp., Mariametridae sp.1 and sp.2), two asteroids (
Aquilonastra
sp. and
Gomophia
sp.), four ophiuroids (
Ophiocoma
sp.,
Ophiomastix
sp.,
Ophionereis
sp., and
Ophiothrix
sp.), and two holothuroids (
Holothuria
sp.1 and
Holothuria
sp.2).
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Sahmyook University Research Fund, 2012 and a part of the project titled “Development of overseas marine biological resources and their utilization system” funded by the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Korea.
Agassiz A
1863
List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College
1
17 -
28
Agassiz A
1873
A revision of the echini. Part. 3.
Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College
3
383 -
628
Agassiz A
,
Clark HL
1907
Preliminary report on the echini collected, in 1902, among the Hawaiian Islands, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, in charge of commander Chauncey Thomas, U.S.N., commanding.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College
50
231 -
259
Agassiz L
,
Desor E
1846
Catalogue raisonné des familles des genres et des espéces de la Classe de Echinoderms.
Annals Science Naturelles, Zoologie
3
325 -
374
Blainville HM
1825
Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, dans lequel un traité méthodiquement des différences tetres de la nature, considérés soit en eux-memes, d’après l’état actuel de nos connoissances, soit relativement à l’utilité qu’en peuvent retierer la médicine, l’agriculture, le commerce et les arts. Vol. 37.
Levrault
Paris
93 -
120
Blainville HM
1834
Manuel d’Actinologie ou de Zoophytologie.
F.G. Levrault
Paris
1 -
644
Cherbonnier G
1988
Faune de Madagascar.
Publiée sous les auspices du Gouvernement de la République Malgache
70
1 -
292
Clark AH
1908a
The crinoid genus Comatula Lamarck: with a note on the Encrinus parrae of Guerin.
Proceeding of the United States National Museum
33
683 -
688
Clark AH.
1908b
The homologies of the arm joints and arm divisions in the recent crinoids of the families of the Comatulida and the Pentacrinitidae.
Proceeding of the United States National Museum
35
113 -
131
Clark AH
1909
On a collection of recent crinoids from the Philippine Islands.
Proceeding of the United States National Museum
36
391 -
410
Clark AH
1912
The crinoids of the Indian Ocean. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part VII.
Indian Museum
Calcutta
1 -
325
Clark AH
1921
A monograph of the existing crinoids, Vol. 1. The Comatulids, part 2.
Bulletin of the United States National Museum
82
1 -
795
Clark AH
1926
Notes on a collection of echinoderms from the Australian museum.
Records of the Australian Museum
15
183 -
192
Clark AH
1939
Echinoderms (other than holothurians) collected on the presidential cruise of 1938.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
98
1 -
18
Clark AH
1949
Ophiuroidea of the Hawaiian Islands.
Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum
195
1 -
133
Clark AM
1952
Some echinoderms from southern Africa.
Transactions Royal Society of South Africa
33
193 -
221
Clark AM
1967a
Echinoderms from the Red Sea, part 2 (crinoids, ophiuroids, echinoids and more asteroids).
Israel South Read Sea Expedition 1962
Reports No. 21, 41
26 -
58
Clark AM
1967b
Notes on asteroids in the British Museum (Natural History). V. Nardoa and some other ophidiasterids.
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)
15
169 -
198
Clark AM
,
Rowe FWE
1971
Monograph of shallow-water Indo-West Pacific echinoderms.
Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History)
690
1 -
238
Clark HL
1908
Some Japanese and East Indian echinoderms.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College
51
279 -
311
Clark HL
1912
Hawaiian and other Pacific echini.
Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College
34
205 -
383
Clark HL
1915
Catalogue of recent ophiurans.
Memoirs of the Museum Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College
25
163 -
376
Clark HL
1916
Report on the sea-lilies, starfishes, brittle-stars and sea-urchins obtained by the F.I.S. Endeavour on the coasts of Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, and western Australia.
Biological Results of the Fishing experiments carried on by the F.I.S. Endeavour 1909-1914
4
1 -
123
Clark HL
1921
The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin.
Papers from the Department of Marine Biology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
10
1 -
218
Clark HL
1925
A catalogue of the recent sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the collection on the British Museum (Natural History).
The British Museum Publication (Natural History), Department of Zoology
London
1 -
250
Clark HL
1932
Echinodermata (other than Asteroidea) of the Great Barrier reef expedition 1928-29.
Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition
4
197 -
239
Clark HL
1939
Ophiuroidea.
Scientific Reports of the John Murray Expedition
6
29 -
136
Clark HL
1946
The echinoderm fauna of Australia: its composition and its origin.
Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication
566
1 -
567
Domantay JS
1954
Some holothurians from Guam and vicinity.
Natural and Applied Science Bulletin, University of Philippines
12
336 -
357
Duncan PM
1879
On some Ophiuroidea from the Korean Seas.
Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
14
445 -
482
Edward A
2002
Marine biodiversity of the Federated States of Micronesia. Report of the Global Environmental Facility, FSM National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Project.
Department of Economic Affairs
Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir
1 -
20
Fisher WK
1913
New starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and the Moluccas.
Proceedings of the United States National Museum
46
201 -
224
Gray JE
1840
A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias, Linnaeus).
Annals of the Magazine of Natural History
275-290
6
175 -
184
Grube AE
1857
Diagnosen einiger neuer Echinodermen.
Archiv für Naturgeschichte
23
340 -
344
Hartlaub C
1890
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Comatuliden fauna des Indischen Archipels.
Nachrichten Von Der Gesellschaft Der Wissenschaften Zu Göttingen,
5
168 -
187
Kerr AM
1994
Shallow-water holothuroids (Echinodermata) of Kosrae, eastern Caroline islands.
Pacific Science
48
161 -
174
Kerr AM
,
Kim SW
,
Michonneau F
2008
The shallow-water echinoderms of Kosrae.
University of Guam Marine Laboratory Technical Report
123
1 -
31
Kerr AM
,
Netchy KH
,
Hoffman SM
2007
The shallow-water echinoderms of Yap.
University of Guam Marine Laboratory Technical Report
121
1 -
34
Kerr AM
,
Norris DR
,
Schupp PJ
,
Meyer KD
,
Pitlik TJ
,
Hooper DR
,
Chamberlain JD
,
Meyer LS
1992
Range extensions of echinoderms (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) to Guam, Mariana Islands.
Micronesica
25
201 -
216
Koehler R
1898
Echinoderms recueillis par l’Investigator dans l’Ocean Indien, II les Opiures littorales.
Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique
31
55 -
126
Koehler R
1905
Ophiures de l’expédition du Siboga. part 2. Ophiures littorales.
Siboga Expeditie
45
1 -
142
Koehler R
1922
Ophiurans of the Philippine Seas and adjacent waters.
Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin
100
1 -
486
Koehler R
1927
Echinides du Musée Indien á Calcutta, III: Echinides réguliers.
Echinoderma of the Indian Museum
10
1 -
158
Kroh A
,
Mooi R
2012
World Echinoidea database [Internet].
The world register of marine species (WoRMS)
˂http://www.marinespecies.org/echinoidea˃
Lane DJW
,
Marsh LM
,
VandenSpiegel D
,
Rowe FWE
2000
Echinoderm fauna of the South China Sea: an inventory and analysis of distribution patterns.
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2000
(Supplement No. 8)
459 -
493
Ljungman AV
1867
Ophiuroidea viventia huc usque cognita enumerat.
Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar
24
303 -
336
Ljungman AV
1872
Förteckning öfver uti Vestindien af Dr. A. Goës samt under korvetten Josefinas expedition i Atlantiska Oceanen samlade Ophiurider.
Öfversigt af Kungliga Vetenskapsakademiens Förhandlingar
28
615 -
658
Ludwig H
1875
Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Holothurien.
Arbeiten aus dem Zoologische Zootomischen Institut Würzburg
2
77 -
120
Lütken CF
1856
Bidrag til kundskab om Slangestjernerne. II. Oversigt over de vestindiske Ophiurer.
Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Förening i Kjøbenhavn
8
1 -
19
Lütken CF
1859
Additamenta ad historiam Ophiuridarum. Anden Afdelning. Det kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskaps Skrifter.
5 Raekke, Naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdelning
5
177 -
271
Lütken CF
1869
Additamenta ad historiam Ophiuridarum. Tredie Afdelning. Det kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskaps Skrifter.
5 Raekke, Naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk Afdelning
8
20 -
109
Lütken CF
1871
Fortsatte kritiske og beskrivende Bidrag til Kundskab om Söstjernerne (Asteriderne).
Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening
23
227 -
304
Lyman T
1865
Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae.
Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard University
1
1 -
200
Mah C
2012
World Asteroidea database [Internet].
The world register of marine species (WoRMS)
˂http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea˃
Messing CG
2007
The crinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) of Palau.
Pacific Science
61
91 -
111
Messing CG
2012
Oxycomanthus bennetti, Phanogenia gracilis [Internet].
The world register of marine species (WoRMS)
˂http://www.marinespecies.org˃
Michelin H
1845
Zoophytes, Echinodermes et Stellérides de l’Île Maurice.
Magasin de Zoologie
1845
1 -
27
Mortensen T
1903
The Danish Ingolf expedition 1895-1896. Vol. 4, No. 2. Echinoidea, part. 1.
Bianco Luno
Copenhagen
1 -
198
Mortensen T
1933
Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific expedition 1914-16. 66. The echinoderms of St. Helena (other than crinoids).
Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening
93
401 -
473
Mortensen T
1940
Echinoderms from the Iranian Gulf. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea.
Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran
Part, 2
55 -
112
Mortensen T
1948
A monograph of the Echinoidea. IV (2). Clypeasteroida. Clypeasteridae, Arachnoidae, Fibulariidae, Laganidae and Scutellidae.
C.A. Reitzel
Copenhagen
1 -
471
Müller J
1841
Ueber die Gattungen und Arten der Comatulen.
Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin
6
179 -
189
Müller J
,
Troschel FH
1840
Beobachtungen über die Asteriensammlung des Zoologischen Museums.
Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin
1840
100 -
106
Müller J
,
Troschel FH
1842
System der Asteriden.
Papier, Druck und Verlag
Braunschweig
1 -
134
O’Loughlin PM
,
Rowe FWE
2006
A systematic revision of the asterinid genus Aquilonastra O’Loughlin, 2004 (Echinodermata: Asteroidea).
Memoirs of Museum Victoria
63
257 -
287
O’Loughlin PM
,
Waters JM
2004
A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea).
Memoirs of Museum Victoria
61
1 -
40
Pallas PS
1774
Spicilegia Zoologica. Vol. 1. Fasc. 10.
G. A. Lange
Berlin
1 -
44
Paulay G
2012
Labidodemas lugosum, Opheodesoma clarki [Internet].
The world register of marine species (WoRMS)
˂http://www.marinespecies.org˃
Pawson DL
1978
The echinoderm fauna of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean.
Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences
2
1 -
30
Perrier E
1869
Recherches sur les pédicellaires et les ambulacres des Astéries et des Oursins. Thèses présentées à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le Grade de Docteur ès Sciences Naturelles Victor Masson et fils
Paris
1 -
188
Rowe FWE
1969
A review of the family Holothuriidae (Holothurioidea:Aspidochirotida).
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology
18
117 -
170
Rowe FWE
,
Doty JE
1977
The shallow-water holothurians of Guam.
Micronesica
13
217 -
250
Rowe FWE
,
Gates J
,
Wells A
1995
Echinodermata. In: Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 33
CSIRO Australia
Melbourne
1 -
510
Shin S
2012
Brittle stars I: Echinodermata: Asterozoa, Ophiuroidea. In: Invertebrate fauna of Korea, Vol. 32 (Ed., National Institute of Biological Resources).
National Institute of Biological Resources
Incheon
1 -
143
Shin S
,
Rho BJ
1996
Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of the Korea. Vol. 36. Echinodermata.
Ministry of Education of Korea
Seoul
1 -
780
Sloan NA
,
Clark AM
,
Taylor JD
1979
The echinoderms of Aldabra and their habitats.
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology
37
81 -
128
Sluiter CP
1901
Die Holothurien der Siboga expedition. Siboga expedite uitkomsten op Zoologische, Botanische, Oceanographische en Geologische gebeid verzameld in Nederland Oost-Indie 1899-1900 aan boord Hm. Siboga onder commano van Lt. ter zee 1e kl. GF. Tydeman uitgeven door Dr. M. Weber. Boekhandel en Drukkerij v. EJ. Brill, Leiden
Monograph
44
1 -
142
Stöhr S
,
O’Hara T
2012
World Ophiuroidea database [Internet].
The world register of marine species (WoRMS)
˂http://www.marinespecies.org/ophiuroidea˃
Von Martens E
1870
Die Ophiuriden des indischen Oceans.
Archiv für Naturgeschichte
36
244 -
262